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    Meiosis Ppt.2014

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    Alyssa Bowman
    Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original chromosome number. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.

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    Meiosis Ppt.2014

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Bowman
    395 views47 pages
    Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original chromosome number. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.

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    Meiosis

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    Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original chromosome number. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    395 views47 pages

    Meiosis Ppt.2014

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Bowman
    Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original chromosome number. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 47

    MEIOSIS

    Meiosis
    • The form of cell division by which gametes,
    with half the number of chromosomes, are
    produced.

    • Diploid (2n)  haploid (n)

    • Meiosis is sexual reproduction.

    • Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).


    Fertilization
    • The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
    • A zygote is a fertilized egg

    sperm
    n=23 n=23
    egg
    2n=46
    zygote
    Meiosis
    • Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm
    or egg).
    • Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
    • Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
    Male: spermatogenesis
    Female: oogenesis

    • Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some


    chromosomal differences.
    Spermatogenesis
    n=23
    human
    sex cell
    sperm
    n=23
    n=23

    2n=46
    haploid (n)
    n=23
    diploid (2n) n=23

    n=23

    meiosis I meiosis II
    Meiosis – mouse testes
    Parent cell
    1st division

    2nd division

    4 gametes
    Interphase I
    • Similar to mitosis interphase.

    • Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

    • Each duplicated chromosome consist of two


    identical sister chromatids attached at their
    centromeres.

    • Centriole pairs also replicate.


    Interphase I
    • Nucleus and nucleolus visible.

    chromatin nuclear
    membrane

    cell membrane

    nucleolus
    Meiosis I (four phases)
    • Cell division that reduces the chromosome
    number by one-half.

    • four phases:
    a. prophase I
    b. metaphase I
    c. anaphase I
    d. telophase I
    Prophase I
    • Longest and most complex phase (90%).
    • Chromosomes condense.
    • Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes
    come together to form a tetrad.

    • Tetrad is two chromosomes or four


    chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
    Prophase I - Synapsis
    Homologous chromosomes

    sister chromatids sister chromatids


    Tetrad
    Homologous Chromosomes
    • Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are
    similar in shape and size.
    • Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling
    the same inherited traits.
    • Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same
    position on homologues.
    • Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

    a. 22 pairs of autosomes
    b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
    Karyotype
    • A method of organizing the chromosomes of a
    cell in relation to number, size, and type.
    Homologous Chromosomes

    eye color eye color


    locus locus

    hair color hair color


    locus locus

    Paternal Maternal
    Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes
    Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
    Homologue

    Homologue
    Autosomes
    (The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits)

    In Humans the
    “Autosomes”
    are sets 1 - 22
    21 trisomy – Downs
    Syndrome

    Can you see the


    extra 21st
    chromosome?

    Is this person
    male or female?
    Sex Chromosomes
    The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring.
    ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female.
    ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y”
    chromosome it will be a male.

    In Humans the
    “Sex
    Chromosomes”
    are the 23rd set

    XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male


    Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”

    Y chromosome
    X chromosome
    Crossing Over
    • Crossing over (variation) may occur between
    nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.
    • Crossing over: segments of nonsister
    chromatids break and reattach to the other
    chromatid.
    • Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing
    over.
    Crossing Over - variation
    nonsister chromatids Tetrad

    chiasmata: site variation


    of crossing over
    Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of
    Different Sex Cells – Crossing-Over

    Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of


    different gamete types produced by independent
    Sex Chromosomes

    XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male


    Prophase I
    spindle fiber centrioles

    aster
    fibers
    Metaphase I
    • Shortest phase
    • Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
    • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
    1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
    2. Variation
    3. Formula: 2n
    Example: 2n = 4
    then n = 2
    thus 22 = 4 combinations
    Metaphase I

    OR

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Question:
    • In terms of Independent Assortment -
    how many different combinations of
    sperm could a human male produce?
    Answer
    • Formula: 2n
    • Human chromosomes: 2n = 46
    n = 23

    • 223 = ~8 million combinations


    Anaphase I
    • Homologous chromosomes separate and
    move towards the poles.

    • Sister chromatids remain attached at their


    centromeres.
    Anaphase I
    Telophase I
    • Each pole now has haploid set of
    chromosomes.

    • Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter


    cells are formed.
    Telophase I
    Meiosis II
    • No interphase II
    (or very short - no more DNA replication)

    • Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis


    Prophase II
    • same as prophase in mitosis
    Metaphase II
    • same as metaphase in mitosis

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Anaphase II
    • same as anaphase in mitosis
    • sister chromatids separate
    Telophase II
    • Same as telophase in mitosis.
    • Nuclei form.
    • Cytokinesis occurs.

    • Remember: four haploid daughter cells


    produced.

    gametes = sperm or egg


    Telophase II
    Meiosis
    n=2

    sex cell sperm


    n=2
    n=2

    2n=4
    haploid (n)
    n=2
    diploid (2n) n=2

    n=2

    meiosis I meiosis II
    Variation
    • Important to population as the raw
    material for natural selection.

    • Question:
    What are the three sexual sources of
    genetic variation?
    Answer:
    1. crossing over (prophase I)

    2. independent assortment (metaphase I)

    3. random fertilization

    Remember: variation is good!


    Question:
    • A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid)
    at the beginning of meiosis would, at its
    completion, produce cells containing how
    many chromosomes?
    Answer:
    • 10 chromosomes (haploid)
    Fertilization
    • The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
    • A zygote is a fertilized egg

    sperm
    n=23 n=23
    egg
    2n=46
    zygote
    Question:
    • A cell containing 40 chromatids at the
    beginning of meiosis would, at its completion,
    produce cells containing how many
    chromosomes?
    Answer:
    • 10 chromosomes
    Sources
    • www.ursulinehs.org/powerpoint/meiosi
    s.ppt
    • www.biology4teachers.com/Cell%20Divi
    sion/MEIOSIS.ppt
    • http://www.iteachbio.com/Life%20Scien
    ce/LifeFunctionsandTheCell/Meiosis.ppt

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