2nd Sem Q1 Week 3 Lesson 1 Patterns of Descent With Modification

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RECALL

1. One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of


colonists that came from Europe. The ship’s captain, who
had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the
original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency
of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example
of:
A.natural selection
B.genetic drift
C.founder effect
D.b and c
2. Which of the following evolutionary forces
can introduce new genetic variation into a
population?
A.natural selection and genetic drift
B.mutation and gene flow
C.natural selection and nonrandom mating
D.mutation and gene flow
3. This mechanism of evolution is
affected by chance
A. Gene pool
B. Genetic Drift
C. genetic structure
D. Founder effect
4. What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?
A. Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms,
such as insects, while macroevolution describes the
evolution of large organisms, like people and elephants
B. Microevolution describes the evolution of microscopic
entities, such asmolecules and proteins, while
macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms.
C. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms in
populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution
of species over long periods of time.
D. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over
their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution
of organisms over multiple generations.
5. Population genetics deals with
A.how selective forces change the allele
frequencies in a population over time
B.the genetic basis of population-wide traits
C.whether traits have genetic basis
D.degree of interbreeding in a population
Pre-Test
Directions: Read the
statements/questions
comprehensively and choose the
letter of
the best answer. Write the answer
on the separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements about biological species
is(are) correct?
I. Biological species is a group of individuals whose
members interbreed with one another
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping
extinct forms of life.
III. Members of biological species produce viable, fertile
offsprings
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III
D. D.II and III
2. The following isolating mechanisms
prevent fertilization and formation of
zygote except
A. Temporal isolation
B. Hybrid breakdown
C. Gametic isolation
D. Ecological isolation
For numbers 3-5, use the
following choices:
A.Allopatric speciation
B.Sympatric speciation
C.Parapatric speciation
3. Occurrence of abrupt genetic change
cause reproductive isolation between
groups of individuals.
4. It occurs when populations are separated
by a geographic barrier.
5. Abrupt change in the environment over a
geographic border and strong disruptive
selection affects gene flow between
neighboring populations
Video Presentation

Watch video regarding Patterns of Descent


with Modification

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3fO
5Q_8L7g&t=430s
Patterns of Descent
with Modification
 Attempts to define the concept of species date back to the Greek
philosophers Plato and Aristotle, who viewed the world as we know
it as a flawed shadow of the eternal and immutable world of ideas.
Indeed, the word “species” originates from the Latin “kinds” which
is a translation of the Greek word eidos (idea). Ernst Mayr played a
central role in the establishment of the general concept of species as
metapopulation lineages, and he is the author of one of the most
popular of the numerous alternative definitions of the species
category. According to him, “Species are groups of interbreeding
natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups.”
 Another definition based on George Gaylord Simpson,
“species is a lineage (an ancestral-descendant sequence of
populations) evolving separately from others and with its
own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies.” Similarly,
according to Leigh Van Valen, “a species is a lineage (or a
closely related set of lineages) which occupies an adaptive
zone minimally different from that of any other lineage in
its range and which evolves separately from all lineages
outside its range.”
What is the definition of species?

 The general definition of species is called the biological


species concept or BSC. According to the BSC organisms
are part of the same species if they can produce offsprings
that can also breed 
 Biological species are reproductively isolated from one
another and the evolution of reproductive isolating
mechanisms prevents nascent species from interbreeding.
Isolating mechanisms can operate at two basic levels pre-
zygotic and postzygotic
What is pre-zygotic mechanisms and its types?

 Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization and


zygote formation 
 Geographic or ecological or habitat isolation - this
occurs when two closely related species may occupy
different ecosystems they are ecologically isolated if
their habited preferences of mating lowers their
probability of breeding.
What is pre-zygotic mechanisms and its types?

 potential mates occupy different areas or habitats thus,


they never come in contact. If two populations of flies
exist in the same geographical area, but one group
lives in the soil and another lives on the surface of the
water, members of the two populations are very
unlikely to meet and reproduce.
RED-LEGGED FROG YELLOW-LEGGED FROG

Red-legged frog that tends to breed in large ponds while the


yellow-legged frog breeds almost exclusively in fast-moving
streams
 Temporal or seasonal isolation - this occurs when two
related species may have different periods of sexual
activity or breeding seasons
 Different groups may not be reproductively mature at
the same season, or month or year. Time is the barrier
that prevents species from interbreeding and producing
sterile hybrids. Timing of the day when they are sexually
active,
 Behavioral isolation -
species with complex
courtship behaviors usually
exhibit stereotype call and
response signals between
male and female before
actual mating takes place

This occurs when during mating


season you hear the frogs croaking
a song at night or even some species
of birds dance to attract a mate.
 Mechanical isolation -
morphological differences
between species prevent
hybridization. differences in
reproductive organs prevent
successful interbreeding. It is
caused by structures or that
keep species isolated from
one another The sexual organs of a snail are within the
shell of the snail and if one species has a
short disc like shell it won't be able to mate
with the snail that has a tall cone-shaped
shell.
 Gametic isolation - which in this case the egg and sperm of two
species are incompatible that prevents fertilization meaning
chemically the sperm and egg of two species will not recognize each
other maintaining species integrity
 There is a couple of possible reasons why the egg and sperm cannot
unite in cases of gametic isolation. First, sperm and eggs have
specific proteins on their surfaces that allow the sperm to recognize
the egg (and vice versa) and these proteins differ from species to
species. So, if two different species mate, the sperm may be unable
to recognize the egg. Another example of gametic isolation happens
when the sperm is unable to survive or will be less mobile in the
reproductive tract of a female from a different species
What is postzygotic mechanisms and its types?

 Post-zygotic isolation mechanisms allow fertilization but


nonviable or weak or sterile hybrids are formed.
 Hybrid Inviability - the sperm and egg from the two
species may combine but the genetic information is
insufficient to carry the organism through normal
development in effect the embryo dies before birth or even
hatching
 Hybrid Sterility - hybrids are sterile because gonads
develop abnormally or there is abnormal segregation of
chromosomes during meiosis
 Hybrid Breakdown - where two related species can
hybridize and their first generation offsprings are fertile but
successive generations suffer lower viability or sterile
individuals thus they cannot become an established
population
 Separate groups of organisms belonging to the same species
may adapt in different ways to better exploit diverse
environments or resources. They also may evolve varied
characteristics for attracting mates. That is, different groups
evolve in different directions. Over time, these groups or
populations may become so different that they can no longer
breed together--separate species are formed
What is Speciation and its
different Modes?
 Speciation is the process of formation of a new genetically
independent group of organisms called species through the
course of evolution
 Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is
created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species
separates from other members of its species and develops its
own unique characteristics.
 Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation
- occurs when some members of a population
become geographically separated from the other
members thereby preventing gene flow.
Examples of geographic barriers are bodies of
water and mountain ranges.
 Sympatric speciation occurs when members of
a population that initially occupy the same
habitat within the same range diverge into two
or more different species. It involves abrupt
genetic changes that quickly lead to the
reproductive isolation of a group of individuals.
Example is change in chromosome number
(polyploidization)
 Parapatric speciation - occurs when the groups
that evolved to be separate species are
geographic neighbors gene flow occurs but with
great distances is reduced. There is also abrupt
change in the environment over a geographic
border and strong disruptive selection must also
happen.
 Peripatric speciation – occurs when one group
is much smaller than the other. Unique
characteristics of the smaller groups are passed
on to future generations of the group, making
those traits more common among that group and
distinguishing it from the others.

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