Gary Hinshaw, NASA/GSFC May 12, 2004 Beyond Einstein at SLAC
Gary Hinshaw, NASA/GSFC May 12, 2004 Beyond Einstein at SLAC
Gary Hinshaw, NASA/GSFC May 12, 2004 Beyond Einstein at SLAC
---Stephen Hawking
The Evolution of the Universe
HOW DID
THIS HAPPEN?
• Three groups will study the Inflation Probe mission. Their goals
are to define the mission requirements for sensitivity, sky
coverage, angular resolution, frequency coverage, and the key
experimental technologies.
The Concept Study Team
TT - temperature
from scalar and 100
tensor modes TT
TE - temperature ×
polarization
dT = [l(l+1)Cl/2π]1/2 [µK] 10
DASI
covariance TE
DASI EE,
EE – “gradient” 1
2002
polarization from EE
scalar & tensor
modes (r limit→BB)
0.1
BB
BB – “curl”
polarization from r=0.1
tensor modes (gravity waves)
(only) 0.01
BB (lensing) r=0.01
10 100 1000
Multipole l
E mode & B mode Polarization
COBE
1989
×60
WMAP
2001
>×20
Planck ×??
~2007 Inflation Probe
Detector Development: History
COBE FIRAS
1 pixel, handmade
KAO spectrometer
24 pixels, handmade
KAO, SHARC I
24 pixels, micromachined
• Polarized foreground emission arises from our galaxy. The signal from
our galaxy is currently poorly known, but it is likely comparable to or
larger than the gravity wave signal over most of the sky.
• Foreground emission has both E and B mode symmetry.
• Multiple frequencies are necessary to discriminate CMB emission from
galactic foreground emission. Unlike the temperature case,
modeling and subtracting polarized foreground emission will be
necessary.
• Foreground contamination also results from the conversion of
primordial E mode signal to B mode signal by gravitational lensing.
• If the lensing contamination not cleaned, it sets a lower detection
limit on r of 10-4 at l~100 (the recombination peak) and 10-5 at l~10
(the reionization peak).
Temperature Foreground Spectra
• WMAP foreground
estimates from 1st year
temperature data (WMAP
observing bands shown in
grey)
• Free-free emission is
unpolarized
100
dT = [l(l+1)Cl/2π]1/2 [µK]
10
0.1
0.01
10 100 1000
Multipole l
Projected Galactic Foreground (Dust/Synch)
100
dT = [l(l+1)Cl/2π]1/2 [µK]
10
0.1
0.01
10 100 1000
Multipole l
Angular resolution
100
dT = [l(l+1)Cl/2π]1/2 [µK]
10
0.1
10 100 1000
Multipole l
Noise Floor for “Strawman II”
100
dT = [l(l+1)Cl/2π]1/2 [µK]
10
0.1
10 100 1000
Multipole l
Control of Systematic Errors
• The gain of the system has to be stable on the time scale that one
can measure it in flight.
Sky Coverage and Scan Strategy
• The scan pattern used to modulate the signal and achieve sky
coverage will be critical. Detailed mission simulations of
different scan modes, coupled with realistic instrument models
will be used to assess scan patterns and other experimental
approaches.
1. Enthusiasm! (Now)
2. Disillusionment…
3. Panic!!
4. Search for the Guilty……
5. Punishment of the Innocent!!!
6. Praise and Honors for the Non-Participants
The End
Experimental Approach:
Minimize Systematic Measurement Errors
• Differential design to minimize systematic errors
• 5 microwave frequencies to understand foregrounds
• 20 radiometers to allow multiple cross checks
• Sensitivity to polarization
• Accurate calibration (<0.5%)
calibration using modulation of the dipole from Earth’s velocity
• In-flight beam measurements on Jupiter
• Minimize sidelobes & diffracted signals from Earth, Sun, Moon
L2 orbit
• Multiple modulation periods to identify systematic effects
• Minimize all observatory changes SWITCH
(0.4 msec)
L2 orbit; constant survey mode operations
• Rapid and complex sky scan ORBITAL
(1 year)
SPIN
(2 min)
observe 30% of the sky in an hour
PRECESS
(1 hr)
(V1+V2)/2 (V1-V2)/2
(W12+W34)/2 (W12-W34)/2
Reionization
z r 2010
9
tr 180220
80
million years
uniformly suppress l>40 anisotropy by 30% (!)
from z=1089
scattering of CMB from electrons
with non-random velocities
A-side B-side
1. z=20 reionization:
scattering of CMB from free electrons
uniformly suppress l>40 anisotropy by 30% (!)
Now detected: z 2010 tr 180220 million years
r 9 80
2. z=1089 decoupling:
scattering of CMB from electrons with non-random velocities
polarization correlates with temperature map
1st detected by DASI, now have power spectrum
3. Gravity waves:
Inflation-generated gravity waves polarize CMB
need new mission (e.g., NASA’s “Einstein Inflation Probe”
Sky Coverage
Not to scale:
Earth — L2 distance is
22.5° half-angle 1% of Sun — Earth Distance
1 hour precession cone
3 Months
A-side line of site 129 sec. (0.464rpm) Spin
6 Months -
Earth
full sky coverage 1 Day
Sun
MAP990159
Designed by
M. Pospieszalski
at NRAO
Lay of the Land
Temperature (T)
from scalar and
tensor fluctuations
E polarization
from scalars and B modes
tensors from
lensing of
Current limit on
E modes.
tensors
B polarization from
tensors (gravity
waves) only
• Predictions:
• A microwave afterglow light
from the Big Bang
• Specific spectrum (intensity with
wavelength)
• Many other predictions - all
predictions since verified
1965: Discovery of Afterglow Light from Big Bang
Arno
Full sky image, green represents the afterglow Penzias
Measurement Receiver
Bell Telephone Labs
New Jersey
Robert
Wilson
Beyond Einstein – Inflationary Universe