Nano Indentation Lecture1
Nano Indentation Lecture1
Nano Indentation Lecture1
Lecture 1
Basic Principle
Do Kyung Kim
• Hardness
– Brinell, 10 mm indenter, 3000 kg Load F /surface area of
indentation A
– Vickers, diamond pyramid indentation
• Microhardness
– Vickers microindentation : size of pyramid comparable to
microstructural features. You can use to assess relative
hardness of various phases or microconstituents.
• Nanoindentation
Microhardness - Vickers and Knoop
Microindentation
• Mechanical property
measurement in micro-scale
(Micro-indentation)
• Microindentation
A prescribed load appled to an indenter in
contact with a specimen and the load is
then removed and the area of the residual
impression is measured. The load divided
by the by the area is called the hardness.
• Nanoindentation
A prescribed load is appled to an indenter
in contact with a specimen. As the load is
applied, the depth of penetration is
measured. The area of contact at full load
is determined by the depth of the
impression and the known angle or radius
of the indenter. The hardness is found by
dividing the load by the area of contact.
Shape of the unloading curve provides a
measure of elastic modulus.
1=86.25
Knoop A = 2hp2tan1tan2 77.64 0.75 1.012
2=65
• Advantage
– Sharp and well-defined
tip geometry
– Well-defined plastic
deformation into the
surface
– Good for measuring
modulus and hardness
values
• Disadvantage
– Elastic-plastic transition
is not clear.
Blunt indenter - spherical tip
• Advantage
– Extended elastic-plastic
deformation
– Load displacement results
can be converted to
indentation stress-strain
curve.
– Useful in determination of
yield point
• Disadvantage
– Tip geometry is not very
sharp and the spherical
surface is not always
perfect.
Data Ananlysis
• P : applied load
• h : indenter displacement
• hr : plastic deformation after load removal
• he : surface displacement at the contact perimeter
Analytical Model – Basic Concept
• Nearly all of the elements of this analysis were first developed by workers at the
Baikov Institute of Metallurgy in Moscow during the 1970's (for a review see Bulychev
and Alekhin). The basic assumptions of this approach are
– Deformation upon unloading is purely elastic
– The compliance of the sample and of the indenter tip can be
combined as springs in series
• where S is the contact stiffness and A the contact area. This relation was presented
by Sneddon. Later, Pharr, Oliver and Brotzen where able to show that the equation is
a robust equation which applies to tips with a wide range of shapes.
Analytical Model – Doerner-Nix Model
dP A
• Stiffness 2E *
dh p
2 2
• Contact area A 3 3h p tan 2 65.3 24.5h p for Berkovich indenter
P
• Hardness H 2
24.5h p
dP 1 1
• Elastic modulus E
*
1.034 for Berkovich indenter
dh 2h p 24.5
One of the most cited paper in Materials Science
No of citation
Nov 28, 2006 Nov 2003 - 1520, Nov 2005 - 2436
Material response
l
tan 60o
a/2
3
b l a
2
al 3 2
Aproj a
2 4
h
cos 65.27 o
b
Projected area
a cos 65.3o a
h
2 3 sin 65.3o 2 3 tan 65.3o
a 2 3h tan 65.3o
A h p tan 2
• Equivalent semi-angle for conical indenter: 70.3 2
Commercial machines
• MTS_Nano-Indenter XP • CSIRO_UMIS
•(Ultra-Micro-Indentation
System)
• Hysitron_Triboscope • CSM_NHT
•(Nano-Hardness Tester)
Commercial machine implementation
• MTS_Nano-Indenter • CSIRO_UMIS
• Inductive force generation system • Load via leaf springs by expansion of load actuator
• Displacement measured by capacitance gage • Deflection measured using a force LVDT
• Hysitron_TriboScope • CSM_NHT
• Tip attached to end of cantilever & • Tip on leaf springs are displaced by piezoelectric actuator
• Sample attached to piezoelectric actuator • Force resolution is very high ( pN range),
• Displacement of laser determine displacement • As resolution goes up, range goes down & Tip rotation
Displacement measurement
• Differential capacitor • Optical lever method
0 A
C
d
• Measure the difference btwn C1 and C2 due to • Photodiode measures lateral displacement
• Popular method in cantilever based system
• High precision(resolution < 1 Å) & small size
• Relatively small displacement range • Detection of deflection < 1 Å
• Thermal Drift
• Instrument compliance
• Indenter geometry
• Surface roughness
• Tip rounding
• Residual stress
• Specimen preparation
Thermal drift
Application of thermal
drift correction to the
indentation load-
displacement data
Machine compliance
Sphero-Conical tips
A = 24.5 hc2
• Calibration
Use material with known elastic
properties (typically fused silica)
and determine its area as a
function of contact
• New area function
• Important parameter to
determine is the strain rate
sensitivity
Nanindentation with or
without calibration