The Basics of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Rajneesh Vachaspati
The Basics of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Rajneesh Vachaspati
The Basics of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Rajneesh Vachaspati
BY
RAJNEESH VACHASPATI
Expansion
Valve
Evaporator
3 2
4 1
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
• Lighting.
• People.
• Equipment.
Psychrometric Chart
• DBT : The temperature of the air ,as sensed by a thermometer. The
words temperature and dry bulb temperature will be used to mean the
same thingh with regard to air.
• RH: The ratio of actual water vapor pressure in the air to the
vapor pressure if the air were saturated at the dry bulb
temperature. It is expressed in %ge.
• Moist air is the working substance in air-
conditioning system. It is a mixture of two
gases dry air and water vapor.
• Dry air is a mixture of a number of gases
and water vapor may exist in a saturated or
supersaturated state. Dry air is considered
as fixed part and water vapor is considered
as the variable part.
• Therefore, the air conditioning must be able to
vary the temperature and humidity of the air
conditioning space according to the outside
conditions. That means:-
• In hot arid regions it must reduce temperature
and increase humidity;
• In hot-humid regions, reduce both temperature
and humidity;
• In cold humid regions, increase both
temperature and humidity
• Air Conditioning helps in the following ways-
whether for comfort air conditioning or
industrial air- conditioning;
• Preserving or maintaining health, and comfort
of human beings;
• Comfortable entertainment in theatres,
assembly halls;
• Journey on roads/ rails become comfortable.
• Improving the quality of industrial products,
such as artificial silk, cotton cloth, etc.
Summer Air Conditioning
In most of the places the summer season is hot and humid. Hence, in
order to provide comfortable conditions to the occupants during
summer, it is required to supply cold and dry air to the occupied space.
This requires systems wherein the hot and humid air can be cooled to
temperatures lower than the dew point temperature, so that the water
vapour in air can be removed by condensation, and the resulting cold
and dehumidified air supplied to the conditioned space in required
quantity for providing thermal comfort. Thus it can be seen that a
typical summer air conditioning system requires a refrigeration system
that reduces the temperature of the air to temperatures much lower
than the surroundings. Of course, in some areas such as deserts, the
summer is hot and dry. Air conditioning systems for these hot and dry
climates also require cooling of air below the ambient temperatures,
however, in stead of removing water vapour it may be required to add
water to the air supplied to the conditioned space.
The outside air flows through the damper, and
mixes up with recirculated air (which is obtained
from the conditioned space). The mixed air passes
through a filter to remove dirt, dust and other
impurities. The air now passes through a cooling
coil. The coil has a temperature much below the
required dry bulb temperature of the air in the
conditioned space. The cooled air passes through a
perforated membrane and looses its moisture in
the condensed from which is collected in a sump.
After that, the air is made to pass through a
heating coil which heats up the air slightly. This is
done to bring the air to the designed dry bulb
temperature and relative humidity
Winter Air Conditioning
•In winter, outside temperature is low and
hence heating of air is required for comfort.
The cycle of operation consists of air cleaning,
air heating, and humidification and air
distribution/ circulation.
Direct Expansion System
•It is the system where the refrigerant is utilized
to cool the air directly the common example are
room air conditioners, packaged units, and
central direct expansion plants.
• A room air conditioner is a factory made assembly
designed unit for mounting on a window, through a
wall,.
• It is designed to deliver conditioned air without
ducts.
• It is the prime source of refrigeration and
dehumidification and circulates and cleanses the air.
It may also include means for ventilation and heating.
Normal capacities of room air conditioners in KWH
are 1 tonne to 10 tonne. Electrical consumption is a
critical performance factor in air conditioning.
• Purifying filters and de-odouring filters are
just some examples of the extra filters
provided to convince consumers of the better
performance and capacity to these filters. The
function of the main filter is mainly to protect
several components inside the system, of large
particles that may get inside the appliance and
damage it.
• The constant humming sounds of the AC, even
if not very loud ( between 44 dB to 51 dB); can
be quite annoying to the ear.
• While Installing an air conditioner, its place of
installation is an important criterion, which
affects the performance of the air conditioner.
• An AC should optimally distributed air with
the
same air speed and temperature in all points of
the room. This allows for even cooling of the
room.
• An AC should be located on shady side of the
house or building and direct sunlight does not
fall on AC as this reduces its efficiency. An AC
should be protected from dust and rain.
Packaged Air Conditioners
•It comprises of a compressor, water cooled condenser,
evaporator and fan and all mounted in a sheet metal
cabinet.
•They are ideally suited for residence, shops, banks, offices
and some industrial applications. Window units are
available up to a limited capacity.
•For large capacities floor mounted self-contained
packaged units are made to meet to meet the
requirements. They are normally mounted on a resilient pad,
which prevents
vibration of the compressor from being transmitted to the
building. It is used for both comfort
purpose as well as
process control of temperature and
humidity for manufacturing purposes.
A split air conditioning System
•It has a coil and fan inside the
room and the
nosier components ( the compressor, fan and
condenser) are on the outside.
•Split air conditioners are slightly more
expansive to buy and install,but they are
much quiter on
the inside, more versatile than conventional
types, and if you need air conditioning in more
than one room, some models have an outside
unit that can supply two or more fan/coils units on
the inside.
• In cold region, it is necessary to keep warmth
in the building; therefore some artificial
measures need to be taken.
• The primary sources of heat for buildings
heating-systems are fossil fuels, natural gas, and
various grades of fuel oils and coal.
• Electricity is used under certain circumstances
for heating in commercial buildings including
perimeter zone heating and service water
heating.
• The heating plant produces heat and
distribution systems like ducts, fans and
pumps, terminal devices and auxiliary
equipment distributed to the intended
places. The equipment that produces heat are
furnace, boilers and furnaces, heat pumps,
heat exchangers, etc.
Furnaces
•Furnaces are used to heat air streams that are used
for heating the interior of buildings. Boiler are pressure
vessels used to transfer heat produced by burning a fuel
to a fluid. The most common fluid used for this
purpose in buildings is water liquid or vapor.
•The key distinction between furnace and boiler is that
air is heated in furnace and water is heated in the
boilers. The fuel used for producing heat in boilers and
furnace include natural gas (i.e. methane),propane, fuel
oil, wood, coal and other fuels.
• Modern furnaces use forced convection to
remove heat produced within the
firebox from its outer
surface. The up-flowdesign is used in
fully sized
mechanical rooms where sufficient floor –to ceiling
space for the connecting ductwork.
• Down-flow furnace works in
reverse, airflows, downward as itis
heated by passingover the heat
exchanger. This design is used in residences without
basements or in upstairs mechanical spaces
in two story buildings.
• In addition tonatural gas, liquefied
propane gas
• Boilers for buildings are classified as – low
pressure and high pressure boilers.
Low pressure boilers
• Steam boilers with operating pressure below 100
kPa and hot water boilers with pressure below
1000 kPa, temperature are limited t 120 0C.
High pressure boilers
• Steam boilers with operating pressure above 100
kPa and hot water boilers with pressure below
1000 kPa, temperature are limited to 120 0C
• ISHRAE
• The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE),
was founded in 1981
• ISHRAE’s primary objective is the
advancement of the art and sciences of
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning,
Refrigeration Engineering & other related
Building Services.
In powerhouse HVAC is required to maintain temperature and air
quality conditions suitable for operating equipment, plant
personnel and visitors.
For accuracy and precision of equipment installed in power house
it is essential to maintain required operating condition in all
weather.
For any HVAC system the energy conservation is important.