Air-conditioning

systems

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Coverage
• Introduction
• Classification
• System components
• All air systems
• All water systems
• Air water systems
• Room air conditioners
• Packaged air conditioning plant
• Central air conditioning systems
• Split air conditioning systems
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Introduction:
• The air conditioning is defined as “ The process of
treating air in an indoor environment (room or space)
to establish and maintain required standards of
temperature, humidity, cleanliness and motion of air .”

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Air Conditioning
The air conditioning is that branch of engineering science which deals with the study
of conditioning of air for human comfort. It deals with the conditioning of air for
industrial purposes, food processing, storage of food and other materials.
 According to ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air
conditioning Engineers), “human comfort is that condition of mind, which
expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”

Factors Affecting Comfort Air Conditioning

1. Temperature of air: In air conditioning, the control of temperature means the
maintenance of any desired temperature within an enclosed space even through
the temperature of the outside air is above or below the desired room
temperature. This is accomplished either by the addition or removal of heat from
the enclosed space as and when demanded. It may be noted that a human being
feels comfortable when the air is at 21° C with 56% relative humidity.

2. Humidity of air: The control of humidity of air means the increasing or decreasing
of moisture contents of air during summer or winter respectively in order to produce

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comfortable and healthy conditions. The control of humidity is not only necessary for
human comfort but it also increase the efficiency of the workers. In general, for summer
air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be less than 60% whereas for winter
air conditioning, the relative should not be more than 40%.

3. Purity of air: It is an important factor for the comfort of a human body. It has been
noticed that people do not feel comfortable when breathing contaminated air, even if it
is within acceptable temperature and humidity ranges. It is thus obvious that proper
filtration, cleaning and purification of air is essential to keep it free from dust and other
impurities.

4. Motion of air: The motion or circulation of air is another important factor which
should be controlled, in order to keep constant temperature throughout the conditioned
space. It is, therefore, necessary that there should be equi-distribution of air throughout
the space to be air conditioned.

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Extreme Humidity Levels Create Problems
Too much or too little moisture in the air can
cause a variety of health threats and illnesses.
The optimum relative humidity range is 45% -
55%. At higher and lower levels of humidity,
health threats and illnesses can increase.
These include: bacteria, viruses, fungi, mites,
respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis and
asthma, chemical interactions, and ozone
production.
Issues Caused by High or Low Humidity
Low Humidity
Dry & itchy skin
Susceptibility to colds and infection
Damage to wood furniture and floors
High Humidity
Mold growth
Muggy conditions
Sleep discomfort

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How Can You Achieve the Ideal Home
Humidity Levels for All Seasons?
In the Summer
Discontinue the use of humidifiers
Use air conditioning to remove moisture
indoors
Use exhaust fans
In the Winter
Use a portable room humidifier
Add live houseplants
Place water basins near your heating system
Add a whole house humidifier
* ASHRAE is the American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers.

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COP is a measure of the efficiency of your air conditioning compressor.
It is calculated by dividing the cooling output energy with the input
electrical energy (using the same units). Typical values for COP will
range between 2 and 4, with the higher the value the more efficient
the compressor. A COP of 4 means that the air cooling energy from the
air conditioner will be four times more than the input energy, so for 1
kW of input power you get 4 kW of cooling power.

The energy efficiency ratio uses units that are more familiar; it measures the
cooling energy generated in BTU/hr and divides it by the input electrical power
measured in watts. This ratio is measured at a specified indoor temperature (80
degrees F), outdoor temperature (95 degrees F), and relative humidity of 51 and
40 percent, respectively. The higher the EER, the better the unit; typical values
range between 10 and 12.There is a direct relationship between EER and COP, in
that the EER equals the COP multiplied by 3.41.

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Introduction:
The complete process of air conditioning includes
following processes:
• Cooling or heating the air as per requirement of
temperature
• Addition of moisture in air (Humidification) or removal of
moisture from air (Dehumidification).
• Controlling movement of air (air motion)
• Purification of air (cleaning or filtering)
• Addition of fresh air from outside (ventilation)
• Distribution of air
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Classification of Air Conditioning System:
• Based on way of air cooling:
– Direct cooling system
– Indirect cooling system
• Based on major function
– Comfort air conditioning system
– Industrial air conditioning system
• Based on season of year
– Winter air conditioning system
– Summer air conditioning system
– Year round air conditioning system

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Classification of Air Conditioning System:
• Based on arrangement of equipments
– Unitary air conditioning system
• Window air conditioner
• Split air conditioner
• Package air conditioner
– Central ail - conditioning system
• All air system
• All water (hydronic) system
• Air-water system
– Zoned system

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Air conditioning system components:
• An air conditioning system is an assembly of different
parts of the system used to produce a specified condition
of air within a required space or building.
• Air conditioning system has following components:
– Cooling source
– Heating element
– Control system
– Distribution system
– Fans
– Filter
– Grille
– Tray
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Following are the main equipments or parts used in an air conditioning systems:

1. Circulation Fan: The main function of this fan is to and from the room.
2. Air Conditioning units: It is a unit, which consists of cooling and dehumidifying
process for summer air conditioning or heating and humidification process for
winter air conditioning.
3. Supply duct: It directs the conditioned air from the circulating fan to the space
to be air conditioned at proper point.
4. Supply outlets: These are grills, which distributes the conditioned air evenly in
the room.
5. Return outlets: These are the openings in a room surface which allow the
room air to enter the return duct.
6. Filters: The main function of the filters is to remove dust, dirt and other harmful
bacteria from the air.

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Room (Window) air conditioners:

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Room (Window) air conditioners:

Limitation of window air conditioner:

• It produces noise in the room because of compressor
is very near to the room.
• The evaporator and condenser is enclosed in single
unit. Therefore evaporator cannot be used as an
interior of room because condenser requires outside
air for cooling.
• It requires appropriate size of window or hole in wall
in order to fit the conditioner.

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Split Air Conditioner:

• First part: Includes the evaporator, filter, evaporator

fan and grille. They placed inside the room.
• Second part: Includes condenser, fan, and compressor.
This placed outside the room.

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Split Air Conditioner:

• First part: Includes the evaporator, filter, evaporator

fan and grille. They placed inside the room.
• Second part: Includes condenser, fan, and compressor.
This placed outside the room.

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Split Air Conditioner:

Advantages of Split AC over Window AC:

• The compressor is outside of the room, therefore no
compressor noise, and vibration in the room or space
to be conditioned.
• No window opening and fixing needed.
• The first part can be located in the room with
decorative display. It can be mounted on floor, ceiling,
and wall or behind a decorative structure.

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Package Air Conditioning System:
The Advantages of unit:
• It is fully factory made and hence proper selection and
balance of components is possible.
• All the manufacturing and testing processes like assembly,
leak testing, processing and charging carried out under
factory conditions.
• Inspection and testing of the complete unit before it leaves
the factory. Hence, better quality is maintained.
• Delivery of unit to the site with full assembly and in
working order, hence avoiding site delays for materials.
• Fully assembled unit requires less time for installation and
hence minimum of inconvenience and cost. 20
Summer air conditioning system:
• It is fully

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Winter air conditioning system:
• It is fully

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Year round air conditioning system:
• It is fully

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Central air conditioning system
The system may be classified as follows:
• All air system
• All water system
• Air water system

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All air system
• Single duct, single zone, CV

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All air system
• Single duct, Multi zone, CV

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All air system
• Duel duct, Multi zone, CV

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All air system
• Single duct, Multi zone, VAV

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All air system
Advantages:
• Possible to use a wide variety of air filters and avoid
noise in the conditioned space.
• Complete absence of drain pipes, electrical wiring, and
filters at the conditioned space.
• In case of dual duct systems, it is possible to provide
simultaneous cooling and heating.
• Seasonal change over is very simple and easy to
automate.
• Very flexible heating and cooling can occur in different
zones simultaneously
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All air system
Disadvantages:
• It requires more space, reduces the available floor
space.
• Due to space constraints it may be difficult to provide
air conditioning in high rise buildings with the plant on
the ground floor or basement.
• Due to the space requirement retrofitting may not
always be possible.
• Balancing of air may be difficult in case of large and
particularly with variable air volume systems.

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All Water system

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All Water system
FCU-terminal

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All Water system
Advantages:
• The plant size is small due to the absence of large
supply air fans.
• It is easier to retrofit to existing buildings.
• The thermal distribution system requires very less
space compared to all air systems.
• In case of four pipe system, simultaneous cooling and
heating is possible.
• Solar or waste heat can be utilized for winter heating.

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All Water system
Disadvantages:
• It requires higher maintenance compared to all air
system.
• The filters are small, low in efficiency and require
frequent replacement.
• The ventilation depends on wind and hence, it is
difficult to ensure positive ventilation under all
circumstances when ventilation is provided by opening
windows or wall apertures.
• Control of humidity, particularly during summer is
difficult using chi lied water control valves.
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Air - Water system

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Air - Water system
• FCU for Air-Water

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Air - Water system
Advantages:
• Rooms can be individually controlled at relatively low cost,
which control either the secondary water flow rate or the
secondary air (in fan coil units) or both.
• The amount of primary air supplied is less than that of an
all air systems therefore, space requirement is reduced.
• There is no latent heat transfer is required in the cooling
coil placed in the conditioned space, and its life thereby
increases.
• Terminal units in case of induction unit does not have fans,
motors, or compressors and hence service of indoor units is
relatively simpler compared to all water systems.
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Air - Water system
Disadvantages:
• Need for handling and controlling both air and water,
operation and control are complicated.
• The water coils in the conditioned space can become dirty if
the quality of filters used in the room units is not good.
• Initial cost could be high compared to all air systems.
• Shutting down the supply of primary air to unoccupied
spaces is not possible because constant amount of primary
air is supplied to conditioned space, and room control is
only through the control of room cooling / heating coils.

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