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    Active Filters: Conventional Passive Filters Consist of LCR Networks. Inductors Are Undesirable Components

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    maithuong85
    This document discusses active filter designs which use operational amplifiers (op-amps) to replace inductors in conventional passive filters. It covers three techniques for designing active filters: synthesis by sections which cascades second order sections, component simulation which replaces inductors with op-amp simulations, and operational simulation which simulates filter voltages and currents using an analog computer. It also discusses standard transfer functions, poles and zeros, basic op-amp circuits, and designs for low-pass and high-pass filters.

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    Active Filters: Conventional Passive Filters Consist of LCR Networks. Inductors Are Undesirable Components

    Uploaded by

    maithuong85
    41 views18 pages
    This document discusses active filter designs which use operational amplifiers (op-amps) to replace inductors in conventional passive filters. It covers three techniques for designing active filters: synthesis by sections which cascades second order sections, component simulation which replaces inductors with op-amp simulations, and operational simulation which simulates filter voltages and currents using an analog computer. It also discusses standard transfer functions, poles and zeros, basic op-amp circuits, and designs for low-pass and high-pass filters.

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    Active Filters 1

    Original Title

    Active Filters 1

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    This document discusses active filter designs which use operational amplifiers (op-amps) to replace inductors in conventional passive filters. It covers three techniques for designing active filters: synthesis by sections which cascades second order sections, component simulation which replaces inductors with op-amp simulations, and operational simulation which simulates filter voltages and currents using an analog computer. It also discusses standard transfer functions, poles and zeros, basic op-amp circuits, and designs for low-pass and high-pass filters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    41 views18 pages

    Active Filters: Conventional Passive Filters Consist of LCR Networks. Inductors Are Undesirable Components

    Uploaded by

    maithuong85
    This document discusses active filter designs which use operational amplifiers (op-amps) to replace inductors in conventional passive filters. It covers three techniques for designing active filters: synthesis by sections which cascades second order sections, component simulation which replaces inductors with op-amp simulations, and operational simulation which simulates filter voltages and currents using an analog computer. It also discusses standard transfer functions, poles and zeros, basic op-amp circuits, and designs for low-pass and high-pass filters.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    Active Filters

     Conventional passive filters consist of LCR


    networks.
     Inductors are undesirable components:
     They are particularly non-ideal (lossy)
     They are bulky and expensive
     Active filters replace inductors using op-amp
    based equivalent circuits.
    Active Filter Designs
    Three active filter design techniques will be covered:

     Synthesis by Sections
     Cascade of second order sections.
     Component Simulation
     Replace inductors with op-amp inductor simulations.
     Operational Simulation
     Simulate all currents and voltages in the LCR ladder using
    an analogue computer.
    Analogue Filter Responses

    H(f) H(f)

    0 f 0 f
    fc fc

    Ideal “brick wall” filter Practical filter


    Standard Transfer Functions
     Butterworth
     Flat Pass-band.
     20n dB per decade roll-off.
     Chebyshev
     Pass-band ripple.
     Sharper cut-off than Butterworth.
     Elliptic
     Pass-band and stop-band ripple.
     Even sharper cut-off.
     Bessel
     Linear phase response – i.e. no signal distortion in pass-
    band.
    Analogue Transfer Functions
    The transfer function of any analogue filter (active
    or passive) can be expressed as the ratio of two
    polynomials : M 1

    N s   s  z m 
    H s   K  K mN 01
    Ds 
      s  pn 
    n 0

    Special case when M=0, all-pole response :


    K K
    H s    N 1
    Ds 
      s  pn 
    n 0
    Poles and Zeros
     Poles
     Complex values of s where the transfer function is infinite.
     i.e. the denominator of the transfer function is zero.
     Zeros
     Complex values of s where the transfer function is zero.
     An N-th order filter will have N poles and up to N
    zeros.
     Some poles may be in the same place (as may some
    zeros).
    Example – Two Pole Bessel Filter

    Low pass, cut-off frequency = 1 rad/s, from tables :

    1 1
    H s   
    s 2  1.73s  1 s  p0 s  p1 
    where,
    p0  0.866  j 0.5
    p1  0.866  j 0.5
    Operational Amplifiers
     All the active filters we shall study are based
    on operational amplifiers (op-amps).
     Analysis of linear op-amp circuits is usually
    based on simplifying assumptions :
     The difference between the non-inverting and
    inverting inputs is zero.
     The input current is zero.
     The output voltage and current is arbitrary.
    Op-Amp Assumptions
    I+
    V+ + Iout
    Vout
    I-
    V- -

    V  V
    I  0
    I  0
    Vout  anything
    I out  anything
    Inverting Amplifier
    Z2
    Z1
    VIN -
    VOUT
    +

    0V

    VIN V
    V  V  0  I Z 1  & I Z 2  OUT
    Z1 Z2
    VIN  VOUT VOUT Z2
    I   0 I Z1  I Z 2    
    Z1 Z2 VIN Z1
    Non-Inverting Amplifier

    VIN +
    VOUT
    -
    I  0
    Z1 Z2
    Z2 V  VOUT  V  VIN
    Z1  Z 2
    VOUT Z1  Z 2 Z
    0V    1 1
    VIN Z2 Z2
    Buffer Amplifier

    VIN + V  VOUT
    VOUT V  VIN
    -
    V  V VOUT  VIN

     Output voltage = Input voltage


     Input impedance is infinite
     Output impedance is zero
    Single-Pole Passive Filter
    R vout ZC 1 / sC
     
    vin R  Z C R  1 / sC
    vin C vout
    1

    sCR  1

     First order low pass filter


     Cut-off frequency = 1/CR rad/s
     Problem : Any load (or source) impedance
    will change frequency response.
    Single-Pole Active Filter

    R
    vin C
    vout

     Same frequency response as passive filter.


     Buffer amplifier does not load RC network.
     Output impedance is now zero.
    Low-Pass and High-Pass Designs

    High Pass Low Pass

    vout 1 vout 1
     
    vin 1
    1 vin sCR  1
    sCR
    Higher Order Filters
     You might think we could make higher order filters by
    simply cascading N first order filters
     This doesn’t work
     The single pole of a first order filter must be purely
    real (no imaginary part)
     The poles of a higher order filter usually need to be
    complex
     Solution: Use second order sections, each one
    synthesising a conjugate pair of complex poles
    Summary
     Active filter designs aim to replace the
    inductors in passive filters.
     Design techniques :
     Synthesis by sections
     Component simulation
     Operational simulation
     All based on op-amps – understanding of
    basic op-amp circuits is essential.

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