CISPR25 Testing Using Time Domain (FFT) Based Test Instruments
CISPR25 Testing Using Time Domain (FFT) Based Test Instruments
CISPR25 Testing Using Time Domain (FFT) Based Test Instruments
James Young
Rohde & Schwarz
Overview
Review of heterodyne systems
Mixers, IF and local oscillators
(2
Mixer Stages
IF Hz
Preselection IF (RBW)
0
Attenuator
M
Filters
)
Digital Conversion
Detectors
Display
- Signal prep stages Markers
Limit lines
Trace evaluation
Local Oscillator
3.4-6.6 GHz
- Attenuator sets amplitude of signals
presented to mixer
Low noise
Pre-selection amplification Mixer stage
B1 B2 B2
f
Het Downconversion – Mixer Stage
(2
Mixer Stages
IF Hz
Preselection IF (RBW)
0
Attenuator
M
Filters
)
Digital Conversion
Detectors
- Mixer Stage Display
Markers
Limit lines
Trace evaluation
Local Oscillator
3.4-6.6 GHz
- Mixers are multipliers
- fIF = | M * fLO ± N * fIN |
f = fIF
(2
Mixer Stages
IF Hz
Preselection IF (RBW)
0
Attenuator
M
Filters
)
Digital Conversion
Detectors
- IF Stage Display
Markers
Limit lines
Trace evaluation
Local Oscillator
3.4-6.6 GHz
- Mixers create multiples of the
signal
detector
Peak
- In “digital domain” the signal
peak
is weighted by digital detectors
QP
Ave - Display, markers, auto-tests
RMS performed by DSPs & software
Display Point
In Motion – LO Sweep / Tune
Issues with Het-downconversion
• Solution:
– `Dwell` at each meas point to capture worst case amplitude
Digital Conversion
Detectors
Display
Markers
Limit lines
Trace evaluation
Local Oscillator
3.4-6.6 GHz
Issues with Het-downconversion
• Solution:
– Preselection, RF attenuation, variable IF gain, warning of overloads
Local Oscillator
3.4-6.6 GHz
The Complexities of the Full System
Step 1
Frequency domain:
Division of the measured
frequency range in consecutive
frequency intervals (7 MHz) and
filtering.
Step 2
Time domain:
Temporal sampling of the
filtered signals (i.e. sampling
rate 81 MHz).
Time Domain Technique
Step 3
F(s) f(t) Fast Fourier transform:
Signal transformation of the filtered
signals from time domain to
frequency domain by means of FFT.
Step 4
Frequency domain:
Combining the spectral
distributions of the individual
frequency ranges.
Time Domain Scanning
• Time domain
segments of 7
MHz
• CISPR needs
30-1000 MHz
• Combine
segments for full
bandwidth
Issues with TD-EMI
• Intermittent signals
Solution: TDEMI solutions need large sample RAMs to
store long captures (1s of time domain data is minimum)
250 50
meas time meas time
200 100 uS 40 1mS
150 30
100 20
0 0
9kHz RBW 120 kHz RBW 200 Hz RBW
Hardware for Time Domain EMI
IF output Software or
scope for FFT
Tektronix
R&S ESU
Real time SA
The R&S TDEMI Approach
• Resample provides data
reduction capabilities
• 16 MS RAM
saves 1 second
data segments
81 MHz
14 bit
Comparison Measurements
Frequency Domain vs. Time Domain
CISPR Type Pulsed Signals
EMI Time Domain Scan - Concerns
- FFT = Unknown handling of certain signals
- Pulsed signal weighting against CISPR QP behavior
- Intermittent signals
- Signals with non standard modulation modes
70
60
50
6DB
40
30
20
10
70
60
50
6DB
40
30
20
10
So:
- Demo will show various captures of CISPR pulse rates
- Demo can also show intermittent signal detection