INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
• Definition of Infiltration
• Factors Affecting Infiltration and Infiltration measurements
• Horton Model and Philip’s Equation
• Green-Ampt Model
• Ponding Time
• Fitting Infiltration models to infiltration data using excel
Definition of Infiltration
Reference: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/infiltration_(hydrology).htm
Definition of Infiltration
Reference: https://pubs.usgs.gov>wsp>report
Definition of Infiltration
Infiltration is also defined as a downward entry of water into the soil. The
velocity at which water enters the soil is called infiltration rate.
Infiltration Rate
• In soil science is a measure of the rate at which a particular soil is able
to absorb rainfall or irrigation.
• It is the rate at which the water actually infiltrates through the soil
during a storm and it must be equal the infiltration capacities or
rainfall rate, which ever is lesser.
Infiltration Capacity
• The maximum rate at which a soil in any given condition is capable of
absorbing water.
Reference: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/infiltration_(hydrology).htm;
soilquality.org/indicators/infiltration.html ;
mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Definition of Infiltration
Reference: https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/AnantPatel18/infiltration-80
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
3/28/2019
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Factors Affecting Infiltration
Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Infiltration Measurements
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Areal Measurement
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Hyetograph Hydrograph
Infiltration Measurements
1. Rainfall Infiltrometer
2. Flooding Infiltrometer
A. Basin Infiltrometer
B. Ring– Type Infiltrometer
b. Single & Double Ring
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Rainfall Infiltrometer
Basically a rainfall infiltrometer
simulates rainfall with the use of
special spray nozzles set a certain
distance (usually 2 to 3 m) above
the soil surface. The soil surface
tested is usually enclosed so that
once runoff commences it can
be collected at an opening and
the volume measured with time.
The difference between the
application rate and the runoff
rate is taken to be the infiltration.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Rainfall Infiltrometer
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Flooding Infiltrometer
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Example 1. A USGS rain-simulator infiltrometer experiment was conducted on a
sandy loam soil. Rainfall was simulated at the rate of 20 cm/hr. The rainfall and
runoff data are given in the table.
a.) Find and Plot the mass- infiltration curve from the experimental data
b.) Plot an infiltration rate curve.
Table EX.1. Rain- simulator Infiltrometer Data and infiltration capacity calculation
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Infiltration Measurements
Solution. The measured data are given in column 1, 3, 4. Cumulative infiltration F
is calculated by subtracting the cumulative runoff from the cumulative rainfall.
Infiltration rate is determined by driving the F by the total duration of infiltration.
The result is placed in figure below.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Horton Model
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Horton Infiltration
Horton observed the above facts and concluded that infiltration begins at some
rate fO and exponentially decreases until it reaches a constant fc. He proposed the
following infiltration equation where rainfall intensity i greater than fp at all time.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Horton Model
Note: That infiltration takes place at capacity rates only when the
intensity of rainfall i equals or exceeds fp; that is f= fp when i > fp, but when
for i < fp , f < fp and f= i.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Horton Model
Table 1. Estimated Values of Horton Parameters
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Horton Model
Example 2. Given an initial infiltration capacity fo of 2.9 in/hr and a time constant of 0.28
1/hr , derive an infiltration capacity versus time curve if the ultimate infiltration capacity is
0.50 in/hr.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Horton Model
For the times shown in the table below, values of fp are computed and entered into the
table. Using excel the curve of Fig. 1 is derived.
3
Infiltration Capacity (in/hr)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (hr)
Horton Model
Example 3. The Horton’s infiltration equation for a basin is given by fp = 6 + 16e-2t where fp is
in mm/hr and t in hour. If a storm occurs on this basin with an intensity of more than 22
mm/hr, determine the depth of infiltration for the first 45 minutes and average infiltration
rate for first 75 minutes.
Horton Model
Horton Model
Philip Equation (1957, 1969)
Philips Solution for Horizontal and Vertical Infiltration
Reference: Trieste, Miramare (May 1994). Soil Physical Properties Influencing Parameter in Philip and
Kostiakov Infiltration Models. Retrieved from: www.google.com
Tuller, M. & Or, D. (2002-2004). Infiltration to Soils.
Retrieve from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5240097
Philip Equation (1957, 1969)
Philips Solution for Horizontal and Vertical Infiltration
Horizontal Infiltration
For Horizontal infiltration Philip showed that the cumulative and
instantaneous infiltration rates are given by:
Cumulative: Rate:
Reference: Trieste, Miramare (May 1994). Soil Physical Properties Influencing Parameter in Philip and
Kostiakov Infiltration Models. Retrieved from: www.google.com
Tuller, M. & Or, D. (2002-2004). Infiltration to Soils.
Retrieve from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5240097
Philip Equation (1957, 1969)
Philips Solution for Horizontal and Vertical Infiltration
Horizontal Infiltration
Reference: Trieste, Miramare (May 1994). Soil Physical Properties Influencing Parameter in Philip and
Kostiakov Infiltration Models. Retrieved from: www.google.com
Tuller, M. & Or, D. (2002-2004). Infiltration to Soils.
Retrieve from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5240097
Philip Equation (1957, 1969)
Philips Solution for Horizontal and Vertical Infiltration
Vertical Infiltration
Reference: Trieste, Miramare (May 1994). Soil Physical Properties Influencing Parameter in Philip and
Kostiakov Infiltration Models. Retrieved from: www.google.com
Tuller, M. & Or, D. (2002-2004). Infiltration to Soils.
Retrieve from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5240097
Philip Equation (1957, 1969)
Philips Solution for Horizontal and Vertical Infiltration
Vertical Infiltration
Cumulative: Rate:
Reference: Trieste, Miramare (May 1994). Soil Physical Properties Influencing Parameter in Philip and
Kostiakov Infiltration Models. Retrieved from: www.google.com
Tuller, M. & Or, D. (2002-2004). Infiltration to Soils.
Retrieve from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5240097
Philip Equation (1957, 1969)
Example 4. A small tube with a cross- sectional area of 40 cm2 is filled with soil and
laid horizontally. The open end of the tube is saturated, and after 15 minutes, 100
cm3 of water have infiltrated into the tube. If the saturated hydraulic conductivity of
the soil is 0.40 cm/hr., determine how much infiltration would have taken place in 30
minutes if the soil column had initially been placed upright with its surface saturated.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Green- Ampt Method
The Green- Ampt model is an approximate model utilizing Darcy’s law. The model is
developed with the assumption that water is ponded on the ground surface.
Consider a vertical column of soil of unit horizontal cross- section area and let a
control volume be defined around the wet soil between the surface and depth I.
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Green- Ampt Method
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Green- Ampt Method
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Green- Ampt Method
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Green- Ampt Method
Parameters in the Green- Ampt model Table 2. USDA Soil Texture Green- Ampt
Infiltration Parameters (Maidment, 1993)
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Green- Ampt Method
Note: that for bare ground cover conditions K = Ks/2, for the area which is bare
under canopy the effective hydraulic conductivity can be assumed to be equal
to the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks of the soil.
where;
S = Percent sand
C = percent clay
BD = bulk density of the soil (< 2 mm), g/cc, and A > 1.0.
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Green- Ampt Method
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Green- Ampt Method
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
Green- Ampt Method
Reference: mgebrekiros.github.io>infiltration
example:
Ponding Time
Ponding Time
SUCTION SOIL
PONDING
FORCE BECOMES
STARTS
WEAKENS SATURATED
Ponding Time
Ponding Time
Ponding Time
Ponding Time
Example 6
Solution:
Ponding Time
Example 6
Solution: