Basic Block Diagram of Op-Amp

An Op-Amp can be conveniently divided in to four main blocks

1. An Input Stage or Input Diff. Amp.
2. The Gain Stage
3. The Level Translator
4. An Out put Stage
Note: It can be used to perform various mathematical operations such
as Addition, Subtraction, Integration, Differentiation, log etc.

V1 Out put
Input Stage Gain Stage Level
I/ P (Diff. Amp.) Shifter Stage VO
(C E Amp.) (Buffer)
V2

Op-Amp IC
 An IDEAL OP AMP

An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:

1. Infinite open-loop voltage gain, AV ≈ ∞.
2. Infinite input resistance, Ri ≈ ∞.
3. Zero output resistance, Ro ≈ 0.
4. Infinite CMRR, ρ =∞
5. The output voltage Vo=0; when Vd = V2-V1 = 0
6. Change of output with respect to input, slew rate = ∞
7. Change in out put voltage with Temp., ∂Vo/∂Vi=0
An Electrical Representation of Op Amp.
 The Operational Amplifier
+VS

i(-) _
Inverting
RO
vid A Output
Ri
vO = AdVid
Noninverting
i(+) +

-VS
• i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and non-inverting lines
respectively
• vid : The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs
• +VS , -VS : DC source voltages, usually +15V and –15V
• Ri : The input resistance, ideally infinity
• A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x1010 range.
• RO: The output resistance, ideally zero
• vO: The output voltage; vO = AOLvid where AOL is the open-loop voltage gain
 Operational Amplifier Model
• An operational amplifier circuit is designed so that
1) Vout = Av (V1-V2) (Av is a very large gain)
2) Input resistance (Rin) is very large
3) Output resistance (Rout) is very low

V1
Rout Vout
Rin
+ Av(V1- V2)
-
V2
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits

These Op-amp circuits are commonly used:

– Inverting Amplifier
– Noninverting Amplifier
– Unity Follower
– Summing Amplifier
– Integrator
– Differentiator
 Inverting Op-Amp
Slide 7

 Rf
Vo  V1
R1
 Noninverting Amplifier

Rf
Vo  (1  )V1
R1

Notice the output formula is similar to Inverting Amplifier, but they are not the same.
 Summing Amplifier

Because the op-amp has a high input impedance the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs.
 Rf Rf Rf 
Vo   V1  V2  V3 
 R1 R2 R3 
Summing Amplifier
 Inverting Amplifier: Input and
Output Resistances
Rout is found by applying a test current
(or voltage) source to the amplifier
output and determining the voltage (or
current) after turning off all
independent sources. Hence, vs = 0
vo  i R  i R
2 2 11
But i1=i2
vo  i (R  R )
1 2 1
vs
R   R since v  0 Since v- = 0, i1=0. Therefore vo
in i 1
s = 0 irrespective of the value of io
.
Rout  0

 Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp
R2 i1
I/P Current to op amp is zero
i1 R1
v  v v1 v
- vo
v
v2 +
v1  v R1
i1  R2
R1
v  v0
i1 
R2
v1  v v  v0

R2 R1 R2
v  v2
R1  R2 R2 R2
v1  v2 v2  v0
R1  R2 R  R2
 1
R1 R2
 Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp
R2 i1
R2 R2
v1  v2 v2  v0
R1  R2 R1  R2
 i1 R1 v
R1 R2 v1 -
v vo
v2 +
R2 R2 R22 R1
v0   v1  v2  v2
R1 R1  R2 R1  R1  R2  R2

R2 R2  R2 
v0   v1  1   v2
R1 R1  R2  R1 
R2
v0   v2  v1 
R1
The Unity-Gain Amplifier or “Buffer”

• This is a special case of the non-inverting amplifier, which is also

called a voltage follower, with infinite R1 and zero R2.
Hence Av = 1.
• It provides an excellent electrical isolation while maintaining the
signal voltage level.
• The “ideal” buffer requires no input current and can drive any
desired load resistance without loss of signal voltage.
• Such a buffer is used in many sensor and data acquisition system
applications.
 Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain
vi v
+
v vo AF 
vo
- vi
vi  v  v  vo
vi  v  v  vo
v
AF  o  1
vi
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance (resistance) to
a low output impedance. Can provide substantial current gain.
Op-Amp Integrator
 Op-Amp Integrator Cont…
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

v in
i1 
R
dv
i2  C o
dt
Applying KCL at the inverting input

i1+i2 = 0

dv o vin
 C  0
dt R
1
 vo  
RC  v in dt  v o (initial )
Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit
 Op-Amp Differentiator Cont…
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

dv in
i1  C
dt
vo
i2 
R
Applying KCL at the inverting input
i1+i2 = 0

dvin v o
 C  0
dt R
dv in
 v o  RC
dt
Differentiators are avoided in practice as they amplify noise
 Instrumentation Amplifier
R
vo   4 (va  v )
R b
3
va  iR  i(2R )  iR  v
2 1 2 b
v v
NOTE i 1 2
2R
1
R  R 
vo   4 1 2 (v  v )
R  R  1 2
3 1

Combines 2 non-inverting amplifiers Ideal input resistance is infinite

with the difference amplifier to provide because input current to both op
higher gain and higher input amps is zero. The CMRR is
resistance. determined only by Op Amp 3.
Gain can be varied by varying single
resistor R1
 Finite Open-loop Gain and Gain Error

vo  Av  A(vs  v )  A(vs  vo )

id 1
vo A
Av  
v s 1  A

1 R
Av  1 2
 R
R 1
v  1 v  v
1 R R o o This is the “ideal” voltage gain
1 2  of the amplifier. If A is not
R >>1, there will be “Gain Error”.
 1
is called the
R R
1 2 feedback factor.
• Gain Error is given by
GE = (ideal gain) - (actual gain)
For the non-inverting amplifier,
1 A 1
GE   
 1 A  (1 A )
• Gain error is also expressed as a
fractional or percentage error.
1 A

FGE   1 A 
1 1

1 1 A A

1
PGE  100%
A
 Output Voltage and Current Limits
Practical op amps have limited
output voltage and current ranges.
Voltage: Usually limited to a few
volts less than power supply span.
Current: Limited by additional circuits
(to limit power dissipation or protect
against accidental short circuits).
The current limit is frequently
specified in terms of the minimum
load resistance that the amplifier can vo vo vo
drive with a given output voltage io  i  i   
L F R R R
R
swing. Eg: L 2 1 EQ
R  R (R  R )
EQ L 1 2
5V For the inverting amplifier,
io  10mA
500 R R R
EQ L 2
Bistable