Chapter 3 Momentum Equation
Chapter 3 Momentum Equation
Chapter 3 Momentum Equation
Introduction
F gravity W
F pressure p1 A1 p2 A2
Therefore,
F Fgravity Fpressure F reaction
Or,
Q v 2 v1 W p1A1 p2 A2 FR1 FR2
Example 2 : Forces acting on the faucet.
• It is 2D problem – Qin is in +ve x direction while Qout is in –ve y
direction.
• In this case, for convenience, each force can be resolves into
component x and y.
For total net force, Fx Q V2 x V1x
FY Q V2Y V1Y
For pressure force, FP X
p1X A1
FP y
0
For gravity force, Fb y
W
FRy 0
General steps to solve problem involving momentum
equation.
Normally in engineering application, the momentum equation is
commonly used to calculate the forces induced by the flow such as
the reaction forces acting on support systems or connectors. The
following steps might be useful to solve the problems involving
Momentum equation.
Link to
solution
Flow in pipe bends
Exercise 1
Water flows through the vertical elbow in Figure 2 and exits to
atmosphere. The pipe diameter d1 = 10 cm while d2 = 3 cm. At flow rate
of 0.0153 m3/s the pressure at section 1 is 2.33 bar. If the weight of
water and elbow is 30 kg, determine the magnitude and direction of
force to hold the pipe in place.
Link to
solution
Flow in pipe bends
Exercise 2
A 90° elbow is used to direct water flow at a rate of 25 kg/s in a
horizontal pipe upward. The diameter of the entire elbow is 10 cm. The
elbow discharges water into the atmosphere, and thus the pressure at
the exit is the local atmospheric pressure. The elevation difference
between the centers of the exit and the inlet of the elbow is 35 cm. The
weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered to be negligible.
Determine (a) the gage pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow
and (b) the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place.
Flow at the pipe nozzle
Example 1
A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 14 kg/s in a
horizontal pipe upward 30° while accelerating it. The elbow discharges
water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 113
cm2 at the inlet and 7 cm2 at the outlet. The elevation difference between
the centers of the outlet and the inlet is 30 cm. The weight of the elbow
and the water in it is considered to be negligible. Determine (a) the gage
pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow and (b) the anchoring force
needed to hold the elbow in place.
Flow at the pipe nozzle
Exercise 1
A nozzle is attached to a vertical
pipe and discharges water into
the atmosphere as shown in Fig.
When the discharge is 0.1 m3/s
the gauge pressure at the flange
is 40 kPa. Determine the vertical
component of the anchoring
force required to hold the nozzle
in place. The nozzle has a weight
of 200 N, and the volume of
water in the nozzle is 0.012 m3.
Is the anchoring force directed
upward or downward?
Flow at the pipe nozzle
Exercise 2
Firefighters are holding a nozzle at the end of a hose
while trying to extinguish a fire. If the nozzle exit diameter is
6 cm and the water flow rate is 5 m3/min, determine (a) the
average water exit velocity and (b) the horizontal resistance
force required of the firefighters to hold the nozzle.
Answers: (a) 29.5 m/s, (b) 2457 N
Water jet on vane
Example 1:
A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed
of v1 = 0.283 m/s strikes a vane, and is turned through an
angle θ. Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the
vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects. Theta =
60 degree.
Impact of water jet on a vertical stationary plate
Example 1:
Water is accelerated by a nozzle to an average speed of 20 m/s,
and strikes a stationary vertical plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with a
normal velocity of 20 m/s. Determine the force needed to prevent
the plate from moving horizontally due to the water stream.
Impact of water jet on a vertical stationary plate
Exercise 1:
Air flows into the atmosphere from a nozzle and strikes a vertical
plate as shown in figure below. A horizontal force of 12 N is
required to hold the plate in place. Determine the reading on the
pressure gage. Assume the flow to be incompressible and
frictionless.
Impact of water jet on a vertical moving plate
Example 1:
Exercise1:
Water accelerated by a nozzle to 15 m/s strikes the
vertical back surface of a cart moving horizontally at a constant
velocity of 5 m/s in the flow direction. The mass flow rate of water
is 25 kg/s. Determine the force that needs to be applied on the
brakes of the cart to prevent it from accelerating.
Impact of water jet on a vertical moving plate
Exercise 2:
A horizontal water jet of constant velocityV impinges normally on
a vertical flat plate and splashes off the sides in the vertical plane.
The plate is moving toward the oncoming water jet with velocity
V/2. If a force F is required to maintain the plate stationary, how
much force is required to move the plate toward the water jet?
(Give your answer in F)
Impact of water jet on inclined plate
Example 1:
A water jet impinged on a piece
of the inclined plate as shown in
Figure. The jet velocity is 40 m/ s
and has a diameter of 30 mm. If
force FA is applied at the bottom
of the plate in the direction as
shown,
(a) determine the amount of force
the FA to be imposed on the plate
to keep the inclination,
(b) how much force must be applied
to move the plate in same jet
direction with a speed of 10 m/s.
Impact of water jet on inclined plate
Exercise1: