Unit 9

Unit 9:Learning objectives
1. Recognize dominant and recessive alleles

and distinguish genotype from phenotype
2. Construct a Punnett square of a
monohybrid cross to describe phenotypic
ratios and predict offspring
3. Construct a Punnett square of a dihybrid
cross to describe phenotypic ratios and
predict offspring
4. Interpret pedigrees and determine specific
genotypes in the pedigree.
Allele vs. Genotype vs. Phenotype
• Allele - alternate forms of a gene found on a
chromosome, diploid ogranisms have 2 alleles
for each gene
Homologous
B b chromosomes
• Dominant allele - big letter (B) At least one

dominant allele must be present for organism
to exhibit dominant phenotype
• Recessive allele - little letter (b) Both recessive
alleles must be present for organism to exhibit
recessive phenotype
• Genotype - the genetic description of an individual (e.g. BB, Bb,
bb)
• Phenotype - the physical appearance of an individual (e.g. blue,
brown eyes)
Homologous
B B b b B b chromosomes
Homozygous Heterozygous
• Homozygous - individual with identical alleles
(BB or bb)
• Heterozygous - individual with two different
alleles (Bb)
Genotype called Phenotype Possible
(2N) (2N) gametes
(N)
BB Homozygous Brown B
dominant eyes
Bb Heterozygous Brown B or b
(carrier) eyes
bb Homozygous Green b
recessive eyes
• True-breeding – both alleles are identical,
same as homozygous
• P generation - the first generation or

“parents” in a series of genetic crosses
• F1 generation – offspring of P generation
• F2 generation – offspring of cross of two F1

individuals
Monohybrid Cross
• A genetics cross for ONE TRAIT (e.g. eye
color)
Monohybrid Cross
Gamete Gamete
Offspring Offspring
Gamete
If P
generation is
Offspring Offspring on the
outside, F1
Gamete
predictions
are on the
inside
Monohybrid Cross
• A genetics cross for ONE TRAIT (e.g. eye
color)
P generation
Bb x Bb: B b Make sure to use
letters that are
BB Bb easily
B
distinguishable!
b Bb bb
• A monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes

always yields a 3:1 phenotypic ratio
Dihybrid Cross
• A genetics cross of TWO TRAITS (e.g. eye
color & hair type [STRAIGHT = T, CURLY = t])
BT Bt bT bt
P generation BT BBTT BBTt BbTT BbTt
BbTt x BbTt:
Bt BBTt BBtt BbTt Bbtt
BbTT BbTt bbTT bbTt

bT
BbTt Bbtt bbTt bbtt
bt
• A dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always

yields a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
Rules for crosses
• A cross between two true-breeding parents (AA
x aa) yields 100% heterozygous offspring
• In a monohybrid cross between two

heterozygotes (Gg x Gg), there will always be a
3:1 phenotypic ratio
• In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes

(TtRr x TtRr), there will always be a
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
Ratio vs. probability/proportion
• Ratio: • Probability or proportion
– Includes dominant and – Only talking about one
recessive offspring genotype or phenotype
– E.g. 3:1 means three – E.g. There is a 25%
children will exhibit the chance that an offspring
dominant phenotype to will exhibit the recessive
every one child that phenotype
exhibits the recessive
phenotype B b
BB Bb
B
Bb bb
b
Albinism results in individuals without pigment in the skin, eyes,
and hair. Albinism (a) is recessive to normal pigment (A), and
six fingers (S) is dominant to five fingers ($). If you cross a
five-fingered albino woman with a man who is heterozygous for
fingers and is a carrier for albinism, what is the probability that
one of their kids will be an albino with six fingers?
1. Write genotype of each parent

2. Write possible gametes of each parent
3. Set up Punnett square with gametes of mom
and dad
4. Calculate the proportion (e.g. ¼ or 25%)
Albinism results in individuals without pigment in the skin, eyes,
and hair. Albinism (a) is recessive to normal pigment (A), and
six fingers (S) is dominant to five fingers ($). If you cross a
five-fingered albino woman with a man who is heterozygous for
fingers and is a carrier for albinism, what is the probability that
one of their kids will be an albino with six fingers? S$aa
A = normal pigment S = six fingers or
a = albino $ = five fingers
SSaa
WOMAN = $$aa MAN = S$Aa
POSSIBLE
GAMETES $a SA, Sa, $A, $a
SA Sa $A $a 25%
S$Aa S$aa $$Aa $$aa
$a
Pedigree Tips
• Shaded means that the person has the trait,
but not necessarily that the trait is dominant
• Dominance does not mean most common

– TRUE!: 6 fingers is dominant to 5 fingers
– How many people do you know have 6 fingers?
• Wild-type does not mean most common

Pedigrees
Unaffected female Unaffected male
Affected female Affected male

1.) Find two parents that are alike that have a
child unlike them.
2.) Parents are heterozygous; child is

homozygous recessive
3.) If parents are shaded, trait is dominant.
If kid unlike them is shaded, trait is recessive.
4.) Once you assign recessive, all like that
(shaded or unshaded) are recessive.
5.) Once you assign dominant, all like that
(shaded or unshaded) have AT LEAST one
dominant allele.
A- aa
aa aa aa A- aa Aa Aa
aa A- A- aa A- aa aa
Pedigree showing the inheritance of cystic fibrosis
Trait: recessive
Arrow: heterozygous
*: heterozygous
Pedigree showing the inheritance of myopia
*
Trait: recessive
Arrow: heterozygous
*: heterozygous
Pedigree showing the inheritance of Huntingdon’s Chorea
Trait: dominant
Arrow: homozygous recessive
*: heterozygous

Unit 9

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Unit 9

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Unit 9:Learning objectives

1. Recognize dominant and recessive alleles

• Dominant allele - big letter (B) At least one

• P generation - the first generation or

• F1 generation – offspring of P generation

• F2 generation – offspring of cross of two F1

• A monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes

BbTT BbTt bbTT bbTt

• A dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always

• In a monohybrid cross between two

• In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes

1. Write genotype of each parent

• Dominance does not mean most common

• Wild-type does not mean most common

Affected female Affected male

2.) Parents are heterozygous; child is

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