PPT PRESENTATION

SUBJECT : DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SUBJECT CODE : 2150003
SEMESTER : 5TH

TOPIC : DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

AND FRAMEWORK
GUIDED BY : PROF. N.B. RAWAT
 GROUP MEMBERS
NAME ENROLLMENT NO.

AJINKYA KARLEKAR 170603119008

ASHUTOSH VANZARA 170603119020

DHIRAJ CHANDWANI 170603119002

DIVYANG PATEL 170603119012

YASH JOSHI 170603119005
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
The disaster risk management cycle consists of the
following phases :
1) Prevention
2) Mitigation
3) Preparedness
4) Disaster Impact
5) Response
6) Recovery (Rehabilitation and Reconstruction)
7) Development
 1) Prevention
The first phase is focused on taking precautionary
measures before an actual disaster or emergency takes
place to reduce its scope. Prevention includes the process
of danger identification, assessment of life and property
threat in order to limit potential causalities, and adverse
impact of natural and technological hazards. Improving
environmental policies, raising people’s awareness
through education and carrying out correct risk
assessments all constitute for primary objectives of this
stage. Actions typical for prevention phase are performed
and last infinitely until a disaster strikes.
 2) Mitigation
Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing
into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters
when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other
phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing
or eliminating risk. Mitigative measures can be structural or
non-structural. Structural measures use technological
solutions, like flood levees. Non-structural measures include
legislation, land-use planning and insurance. Mitigation is
the most cost-efficient method for reducing the impact of
hazards; however it is not always suitable. Mitigation does
include providing regulations regarding evacuation, sanctions
against those who refuse to obey the regulations (such as
mandatory evacuations), and communication of potential
risks to the public. Some structural mitigation measures may
have adverse effects on the ecosystem.
 3) Preparedness
 The preparedness phase is centered around arranging
or developing a plan to approach events after the
incident crops up. This phase is focused on increasing
resilience through arranging and planning efficient
measures to counter a disaster or effects of thereof.
Those activities are tailored to minimize the damage
disaster causes, improving response operations on
institutional and individual levels. They also include:
 Planning (emergency access, evacuation routes)
 Training (emergency teams, practice drills)
 Supply (providing emergency response equipment)
 4) Disaster impact
This segment is self-explanatory, being the point in the disaster
cycle at which disaster occurs; for instance, when a cyclone
strikes a country or a particular area. However, including it
serves as a reminder that-in disaster management terms-
Impact can vary between different types of disaster . For instance
• An earthquake may give no warning and its impact time can be
short. Yet! the result can be very severe indeed.
• A cyclone may provide a long warning period and its impact
time (i.e., the time when it has destructive and damaging
effects) can be protected. This may be particularly so if the
cyclone passes directly over a given area, a backtracks as may
sometimes occur.
 5) Response
The response phase includes the mobilization of
the necessary emergency services and first
responders in the disaster area.
This is likely to introduce:
1. firefighters 2. police 3. ambulance 4. disaster relief
operation(military) 5. Non combatant evacuation
operation 6. Special rescue teams at the site of the
disaster prone areas.
A well rehearsed emergency plan developed as
part of the preparedness phase enables efficient
coordination of rescue. There is a need for both
discipline (structure, doctrine, process) and agility
(creativity, improvisation, adaptability) in responding
to a disaster.
 6) Recovery
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the
affected area to its previous state. It differs from
the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts
are concerned with issues and decisions that
must be made after immediate needs are
addressed. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned
with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed
property, re-employment, and the repair of other
essential infrastructure. Efforts should be made to
“build back better", aiming to reduce the pre-
Disaster risks inherent in the community and
infrastructure.
 7) Development
The development segment provides the link between
disaster-related activities and national development. Its
inclusion in the disaster cycle is intended to ensure that
the results of disaster are effectively reflected in future
policies in the interests of national progress.
PARADIGM SHIFT IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on
account of its unique Geo-climatic conditions. Floods,
droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been a
recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to
earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is
prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones
and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. In the decade
1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and
about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year.
The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has
been astronomical.
At the global level, there has been considerable concern
over natural disasters.
Even as substantial scientific and material progress is made,
the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not
decreased. In fact, the human toll and economic losses have
mounted. It was in this background that the United Nations
General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990-2000 as
the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with
the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict
socio-economic damage through concerted international
action, specially in developing countries.
The super cyclone in Orissa in October, 1999, the Bhuj
earthquake in Gujarat in January, 2001 and tsunami in
Indian ocean (2004) underscored the need to adopt
multi dimensional endeavour involving diverse scientific,
engineering, financial and social processes, the need to
adopt multi disciplinary and multi sectoral approach and
corporation of risk reduction in the developmental plans
and strategies.
Over the past couple of years, the Government of India have
brought about a paradigm shift in the approach to disaster
management. The new approach proceeds from the
conviction that development cannot be sustainable unless
disaster mitigation is built into the development process.
Another corner stone of the approach is that mitigation
has to be multi disciplinary spanning across all sectors of
development. The new policy also eliminates from the
belief that investments in mitigation are much more
cost effective than expenditure on relief and
rehabilitation.
Disaster management occupies an important place in this
country’s policy framework as it is the poor and the
under privileged who are the worst affected on account of
calamities/disasters.
 DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT
 A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards and
analyze what could happen if a hazard occurs. A business impact
analysis (BIA) is the process for determining the potential impacts
resulting from the interruption of time sensitive or critical
business processes.
 There are numerous hazards to consider. For each hazard there are
many possible scenarios that could unfold depending on timing,
magnitude and location of the hazard. Consider hurricanes:
 A Hurricane forecast to make landfall near your business could
change direction and go out to sea.
 The storm could intensify into a major hurricane and make
landfall.
 There are many “assets” at risk from hazards. First and foremost,
injuries to people should be the first consideration of the risk
assessment. ensure that appropriate emergency plans are in place.
• Hazard scenarios that could cause significant injuries should be
highlighted to many other physical assets may be at risk. These
include buildings, information technology, utility systems,
machinery, raw materials and finished goods. The potential for
environmental impact should also be considered. Consider the
impact an incident could have on your relationships with
customers, the surrounding community and other stakeholders.
Consider situations that would cause customers to lose confidence
in your organization and its products or services.
 As you conduct the risk assessment, look for vulnerabilities—
weaknesses—that would make an asset more susceptible to damage
from a hazard. Vulnerabilities include deficiencies in building
construction, process systems, security, protection systems and loss
prevention programs. They contribute to the severity of damage
when an incident occurs. For example, a building without a fire
sprinkler system could burn to the ground while a building with a
properly designed, installed and maintained fire sprinkler system
would suffer limited fire damage.
 International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction
The United nations general assembly designated the 1990s
as the International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction (IDNDR).
Its basic objective was to decrease the loss of life, property
destruction and social and economic disruption caused by
natural disasters, such
as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, droughts, and other disasters of natural origin.
•An International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction,
beginning on 1 January 1990, was launched by the United
nations, following the adoption of Resolution 44/236 (22
December 1989).

•The decade was intended to reduce, through concerted

international action, especially in developing countries, loss of
life, property damage and social and economic disruption
caused by natural disasters.

•To support the activities of the decade, a Secretariat was

established at the United Nations Office in Geneva, in close
association with UNDRO.
 Objectives of the Decade
The general objective of the Decade is
•To reduce through concerted international actions, especially
in developing countries, loss of life, property damage and
economic disruption caused by natural disasters such as
earthquakes, windstorms, tsunamis, floods, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, wildfires and other calamities of natural
origin such as grasshopper and locust infestations.

•Improve the capacity of each country to mitigate the effects of

natural disasters expeditiously and effectively, paying special
attention to assisting developing countries in the assessment of
disaster damage potential and in the establishment of early
warning systems and disaster-resistant structures when and
where needed.
•devise appropriate guidelines and strategies for applying
existing scientific and technical knowledge, taking into
account the cultural and economic diversity among nations.

•foster scientific and engineering endeavours aimed at closing

critical gaps in knowledge in order to reduce loss of life and
property.

•develop measures for the assessment, prediction, prevention

and mitigation of natural disasters through programmes of
technical assistance and technology transfer, demonstration
projects, and education and training, tailored to specific
disasters and locations, and to evaluate the effectiveness of
those programmes.
 Yokohama Strategy
•The World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction,
Having met at Yokohama from 23 to 27 May 1994, Recognizing
the rapidly rising world-wide toll on human and economic
losses due to natural disasters,

• Recalling the decision of the General Assembly in its

resolution 44/236 of 22 December 1989 to launch a far-
reaching global undertaking for the 1990s to save human lives
and reduce the impact of natural disasters,

•Recalling also the forward-looking decision of the General

Assembly in its resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991 to adopt
an integrated approach for disaster management in all its
aspects and to initiate a process towards a global culture of
prevention,
Recognizing that sustainable economic growth and sustainable
development cannot be achieved in many countries without
adequate measures to reduce disaster losses, and that there are
close linkages between disaster losses and environmental
degradation, as emphasized in Agenda 21, 1

•Reaffirming the Rio Declaration, 2 in particular Principle 19,

which stresses the need for the international community to
assist States afflicted by natural disasters and other
emergencies that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects
in the environment of those States,

•Reaffirming also the role assigned by the Secretary-General of

the United Nations to the emergency Relief Coordinator,
Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Humanitarian
Affairs, through the IDNDR secretariat in charge of the
Decade, in promoting and directing activities of the IDNDR in
• Emphasizing the need for the United Nations system to pay
special attention to the least developed and land-locked
countries and small island developing States, and recalling in
this regard that the outcomes of the first Global Conference on
the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing
States and the Programme of Action for the 4 Least Developed
Countries for the 1990s call for giving priority attention to
small island developing States and least developed countries in
the activities of the Decade.
 Basis for the Strategy
• Natural disasters continue to strike and increase in magnitude,
complexity, frequency and economic impact. Whilst the natural
phenomena causing disasters are in most cases beyond human
control, vulnerability is generally a result of human activity.
Therefore, society must recognize and strengthen traditional
methods and explore new ways to live with such risk, and take
urgent actions to prevent as well as to reduce the effects of such
disasters. The capacities to do so are available.

• In this context the least developed counties, small island

developing States and land-locked countries are the most
vulnerable countries, as they are the least equipped to mitigate
disasters. Developing countries affected by desertification, 6
drought and other types of natural disasters are also equally
vulnerable and insufficiently equipped to mitigate natural
disasters..
• In all countries the poor and socially disadvantaged groups suffer
most from natural disasters and are least equipped to cope with
them. In fact disaster contribute to social, economic, cultural and
political disruption in urban and rural contexts, each in its specific
way. Large-scale urban concentrations are particularly fragile
because of their complexity and the accumulation of population and
infrastructures in limited areas.

• Some patterns of consumption, production and development have

the potential for increasing the vulnerability to natural disasters,
particularly of the poor and socially disadvantaged groups. However,
sustainable development can contribute to reduction of this
vulnerability, if planned and managed in a way to ameliorate the
social and economic conditions of the affected groups and
communities.
• Vulnerable developing countries should be enabled to revive, apply and
share traditional methods to reduce the impact of natural disasters,
supplemented and reinforced by access to modern scientific and technical
knowledge. The existing knowledge and know-how should be studied and
efforts should be made to ameliorate, develop and better apply them today.

• Global social stability has become more fragile and reduction of natural
disasters would contribute to reducing this fragility. In the effort towards
effective disaster management, the full continuum from relief through
rehabilitation, reconstruction and development to prevention must be the
concept guiding actions towards the reduction of human and physical
losses which remains the ultimate objective.

•Notwithstanding the full continuum, disaster prevention is better than

disaster response and achieving the goals, objectives and targets of the
Decade as adopted by the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly
would result in greatly reducing disaster losses. This requires maximum
participation at community level which can mobilize considerable
potential and traditional expertise in the application of the preventive
measures.
 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)

•In January 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year plan to

make the world safer from natural hazards at the World
Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.

•The Hyogo Framework was the global blueprint for disaster

risk reduction efforts between 2005 and 2015. Its goal was to
substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015 - in lives, and in the
social, economic, and environmental assets of communities
and countries.

•On 18 March 2015, UN Member States adopted the Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, the
successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action.
 Five Priority action identified by
the HFA are to:
Priority Action 1:Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a
national and a local priority with a strong institutional
basis for implementation.
• Countries that develop policy, legislative and institutional
frameworks for disaster risk reduction and that are able to
develop and track progress through specific and measurable
indicators have greater capacity to manage risks and to achieve
widespread consensus for, engagement in and compliance with
disaster risk reduction measures across all sectors of society.

Priority Action 2:Identify, assess and monitor disaster

risks and enhance early warning.
• The starting point for reducing disaster risk and for-
promoting a culture of disaster resilience lies in the knowledge
of the hazards and the physical, social, economic and
environmental vulnerabilities to disasters that most societies
face, and of the ways in which hazards and vulnerabilities are
changing in the short and long term, followed by action taken
on the basis of that knowledge.

Priority Action 3: Use knowledge, innovation and

education to build a culture of safety and resilience at
all levels.
•Disasters can be substantially reduced if people are well
informed and motivated towards a culture of disaster
prevention and resilience, which in turn requires the
collection, compilation and dissemination of relevant
knowledge and information on hazards, vulnerabilities
and capacities.
Priority Action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors.
• Disaster risks related to changing social, economic,
environmental conditions and land use, and the impact of
hazards associated with geological events, weather, water,
climate variability and climate change, are addressed in
sector development planning and programmes as well as in
post-disaster situations.

Priority Action 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for

effective response at all levels.
• At times of disaster, impacts and losses can be
substantially reduced if authorities, individuals and
communities in hazard-prone areas are well prepared and
ready to act and are equipped with the knowledge and
capacities for effective disaster management.