Dopamin: Nur Fadhillah Khalid (P062181024) Mata Kuliah: Neurontrasmitter
Dopamin: Nur Fadhillah Khalid (P062181024) Mata Kuliah: Neurontrasmitter
Dopamin: Nur Fadhillah Khalid (P062181024) Mata Kuliah: Neurontrasmitter
• Are classified into the D1- and D2-like receptor subtypes (based on their molecular
structure and pharmacology
• D1-like receptors, composed of D1 and D5 receptors, stimulate adenylyl cyclase
activity,
• D2like receptors, composed of D2,D 3, and D4 receptors, inhibit adenylyl cyclase
activity and regulate/modulate the activity of several ion channels.
• In the early 1970s, receptors for neurotransmitters acting via second messengers had not been identified
biochemically nor were there definitive links to such messengers. The discovery by John W. Kebabian and Paul
Greengard of a dopamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase, accordingly, was a giant step forward. The investigators first
characterized the enzyme in sympathetic ganglia where in dopamine producing cells link pre- and post-synaptic
neurons. Then, in the corpus striatum, the brain area enriched in dopamine, they delineated the enzyme’s
properties and showed that it was inhibited by antipsychoticdrugs, leading to a large body of research on dopamine
as a mediator of antipsychotic drug action and putative roles for this transmitter in the pathophysiology of
schizophrenia.
THERE ARE FOUR MAJOR PATHWAYS FOR THE
DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM IN THE BRAIN:
• In which fibres originate from the substantia nigra (pars compacta) and project
rostrally to become widely distributed in the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and
the putamen). In this pathway dopamine plays a significant role in movement
(the control of motor function and in learning new motor skills). Degeneration of
the nigrostriatal system causes Parkinson's disease.
• The extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotic drugs are thought to result from the
blockade of these striatal dopamine receptors .
2. THE MESOLIMBIC PATHWAY
• In which the dopaminergic fibers also arise from the A10 region (the ventral
tegmental area) and project to the frontal cortex and septohippocampal regions.
• Mesocortical dopamine mediates cognitive and emotional behaviour.
• Levels of dopamine in the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex, help in improved
working memory and attentions.
• However, this is a delicate balance and as levels increase or decrease to abnormal
levels, memory suffers. Antipsychotic drugs worsen negative symptoms of
schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the mesocortical pathway
4. THE TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR PATHWAY
1. Neurontrasmitter Dopamin memiliki prekursor yang sama dengan epinefrin dan norepinefrin yaitu L-
Thyrosin yang berasal dari hati.
2. Memiliki 2 tipe reseptor, D1 like reseptor & D2 like reseptor
3. Tubuh dapat optimal fungsinya bila terjadi keseimbangan neurontransmitter
4. Efek buruk dapat terjadi apabila produksi dopamin menurun seperti pada pasein parkinson yakni
terdapat defek pada substansia nigra sehingga aktivitas motoriknya mengalami gangguan.
5. Pada kondisi schizophrenia apabila kadar dopamin meningkat akan mengakibatkan timbulnya gejala
postif dan sebaliknya apabila kadar dopamin menurun akan mengakibatkan timbulnya gejala negatif.
REFERENCE
1. Ayano .Dopamine: Receptors, Functions, Synthesis, Pathways, Locations and Mental Disorders: Review
of Literatures. and Treatment. Journal of Mental Disorders and Treatment .2016. Volume 2 • Issue 2
2. Chunyu Zeng, Pedro A. Jos. Dopamine Receptors .Important Antihypertensive Counterbalance Against
Hypertensive Factors. AHAJournals. (Hypertension. 2013 ;57:11-17.)
3. Blum ,et al. Dopamine in the Brain: Hypothesizing Surfeit or Deficit Links to Reward and
AddictionJournal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome . 2015. Volume 1 Issue 3.
4. Solomon H. Snyder. What dopamine does in the brain. November 22, 2011. vol. 108 no. 47 , 18869–
18871
5. Philip,G. Dopamine receptor. Tocrics review. No.30 2008: UK
6. Charles A. Marsden. Dopamine: the rewarding years. British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147,
S136–S144