Animal reproduction can occur through either asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves reproduction without fusion of gametes and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and results in offspring that are not clones. Fertilization can be external, internal, or internal followed by live birth; various levels of parental care of offspring also exist among species. Some organisms are hermaphrodites that can change sex and self-fertilize.
Animal reproduction can occur through either asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves reproduction without fusion of gametes and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and results in offspring that are not clones. Fertilization can be external, internal, or internal followed by live birth; various levels of parental care of offspring also exist among species. Some organisms are hermaphrodites that can change sex and self-fertilize.
Animal reproduction can occur through either asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves reproduction without fusion of gametes and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and results in offspring that are not clones. Fertilization can be external, internal, or internal followed by live birth; various levels of parental care of offspring also exist among species. Some organisms are hermaphrodites that can change sex and self-fertilize.
Animal reproduction can occur through either asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves reproduction without fusion of gametes and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and results in offspring that are not clones. Fertilization can be external, internal, or internal followed by live birth; various levels of parental care of offspring also exist among species. Some organisms are hermaphrodites that can change sex and self-fertilize.
Genetically identical clones http://johnson.emcs.net/life/images/anemone.bmp Asexual Reproduction • Regeneration – parent separates into two or more pieces & each piece forms new organism – In some instances just a new part grows – Sponges, sea stars, jellyfish, planaria – Also be clones
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html Asexual Reproduction • Parthenogenesis – growth & development of embryo without fertilization by male • Population all female http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ghri/bbc_virginshark.html
Many insects; lizards, salamanders, fish, turkeys
Sexual Reproduction – gametes from opposite sexes unite http://civilliberty.about.com/od/historyprofiles/ss/news080406_2.htm
• Species with sexual
reproduction are said to be dioecous – separate sexes • Often exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism – males and females look different • Sperm (male gamete) formed by meiosis in testes • Eggs (female gamete) formed by meiosis in the ovary Mating • Mating – male & female join together to ensure fertilization; not essential to sexual reproduction
http://www.torreypine.org/animals/reptiles.html http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/agrawal/photos/milkwee d%20fauna/pages/Tetraopes%20tetrophthalmus%20mat ng.html http://www.hickerphoto.com/elephants-mating-205-pictures.htm External Fertilization • Males & females release sperm & eggs into the environment – sperm & egg join outside the body – Males & females may come into close proximity – Eggs & larvae develop outside the body – Many gametes produced; http://www.biol.andrews.edu/everglades/organisms/Inverteb many zygotes formed rates/marine_inverts/Arthropoda/Atlantic%20Horseshoe%20Cr ab/atlantic_horsehoe_index.htm
– Usually aquatic External Fertilization – e.g. Salmon
http:// escoberphoto.com/trave l/katmai.html
http://www.biology-blog.com/blogs/archives/Biology-blog/520525028-Feb-14-2008.html http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/dfwstksl.htm Internal fertilization • Joining of sperm & egg inside the body after mating – Ensures selection of mate (not random); promotes diversity – Parents protect and care for young – Does not require water; can occur on land – Less sex cells produced; increases probability of successful reproduction – Common in birds, reptiles & mammals Internal fertilization; external development • After fertilization, larvae (embryo) are released & development occurs outside female body • Example: Barnacles
http://getfile.ucoz.com/load/9-1-0-578 Internal fertilization & development
• Females put large
amounts of energy into development of embryo – very few in litter or clutch – http://crd.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaycontent.asp? txtDocument
different schemes =542
• Eggs in “shell” are
laid and either abandoned or http://www.fws.gov/archiecarr/photos/index.html
nurtured in nest http://www.nps.gov/pais/naturescience/reptiles.htm Various levels of parental care
http://animals.nationa lgeographic.com/ani mals/photos/baby- animals/american- crocodile- baby_image.html http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-mar99.html Internal fertilization & internal development of eggs; followed by live birth
where they are fertilized and develop. Babies born live. http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/march2006/ In most species, it is the female who carries the developing fetus to birth…
