EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

FIRST QUARTER
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Module 3

Earth’s Internal Heat Sources and

Magmatism

Most Essential Learning Competencies: Describe

where the Earth’s internal heat comes from ( S11ES-Ib-14

) and how magma is formed (S11ES-Ic-15).

 To the Learners

To achieve the learning outcomes, you are encouraged to practice three things: focus,
enjoy, and share everything you will gain from this module. To begin, please be guided by
the instructions below.

1. Read and follow all the contents and instructions in this module.

2. Note all words you don’t understand and look for their meanings in the dictionary.

3. Perform the activities that are geared toward understanding the topic.

4. Take the pre-test and post test to see how much you know and have learned from this
module.

5. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.

6. Remember the learning you gained from this module as you move on to the next topic. Enjoy
studying!

Expectations

You will be able to describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from and how
magma is formed.
Specifically, this module will help you to:

 itemize the main sources of heat on Earth;

 describe how magma is formed and what happens after its formation; and

 realize the significance and/or impacts of heat on the layers of the earth and volcanic
activity in the environment and society.

Before you proceed to the lesson, take some time to complete the pre-test questions.
You may begin now.

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 PreTest
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer that will best complete the sentence.

1. Certain elements sink to the center while others are collected near the surface through the

process called differentiation. Based on this, which characteristic of elements like iron and

nickel will likely form the core?

A. least dense C. light weight

B. more dense D. first crystallized

2. Which of these moves from hotter to colder places?

A. convection B. heat C. pressure D. temperature

3. What drives the Earth's internal heat engine?

A. ocean tides B. volcanoes C. radioactivity D. solar energy

4. What is being described as the formation and motion of hot molten rock under the crust of

the Earth?

A. crustalism B. lavatism C. magmatism D. volcanism

5. Which does NOT affect magma formation?

A. mineral composition C. temperature

B. pressure D. volatiles (water)

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 Looking Back
Directions: Follow the given instruction on each number.

Change a letter to mean a combination of minerals.

1. RACKS
Answer: __________

It means the disintegration of rocks due to the actions of organisms

2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ such as bacteria, plants, and animals.
Answer: __________

Add three vowels to form a word describing a type of rock formed

3. IGN_ _ _ S through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Answer: __________

Rearrange the letters to refer to an igneous rock formed when

4. NITURVEIS magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface.
Answer: __________

Change the two letters to mean a rock derived from magma (molten
5. EXTRUSION silicate material) that was poured out or ejected at Earth's surface.
Answer: __________

Remove unnecessary letters to describe a rock formed of

6.
mechanical, chemical, or organic sediment.
SEADIEMENTAIRY
Answer: __________

Change the word to mean a rock that results from the alteration of
7. METAMORPHOSIS preexisting rocks in response to changing conditions.
Answer: __________

Add 6 letters prior to the given word to refer to the breakdown of

rocks at the Earth's surface, by the action of rainwater, extremes of
8. RING
temperature, and biological activity.
Answer: __________

Fill in the blanks with consonant letters to form a word which means
the wearing down and carrying away of material from exposed
9. E_O_IO_
surfaces by water, wind or ice.
Answer: __________

Change the first letter to name a process that occurs when pieces of
weathered rock sink to the bottom of the river bed or sea, forming
10. REPOSITION
sediment.
Answer: __________

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 Brief Introduction
Heat may be described as the energy in transit due to temperature difference. It
transfers from an object of high temperature to another with low temperature. It takes a
rather long term for heat to transport out of the earth.

The earth’s internal heat comes from three main sources. These are: heat of accretion,
heat of differentiation also known as frictional heat, and heat from radioactive decay.

Accretional heat is from when the planet formed and accreted, which has not yet been
lost. The colliding bodies resulted to the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy.
In addition, the segregation of components generated heat forming distinct layers in which
the denser materials of a planet sink to the center, while less dense materials rise to the
surface. It is known as the heat of differentiation or frictional heat, as it is due to friction
created by this process, which still has not fully dissipated.

The earth’s third main source is the heat produced as a result of absorption of radiation
from decay of radioisotopes. This is termed as heat from radioactive decay. During decay, an
unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. It is still a source of heat but was stronger in
the past.

The heat from the sources mentioned above drives the endogenic processes of the
planet. The geological processes are known to be associated with energy that comes from the
interior of the earth. One of these processes is magmatism. It is defined as the magmatic
motion or activity within and at the surface of the earth.

A mixture of liquid rock, minerals, and dissolved gases is called magma. It forms when
the temperature is high enough to melt the rocks. Temperature is considered to be a major
factor in the generation of magma. However, there are other factors that influence the melting
point of rocks. Pressure is one of these factors. Pressure, like temperature, also increases as
you go deeper below Earth's surface. Melting caused by a reduction in pressure is known as
decompression melting. In addition, the melting points of the minerals within those rocks
decrease when water, considered as a flux, is added. This may trigger partial melting. This type
of melting is called flux-induced melting.

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 Activity 1
Magic Square Puzzle:
Objective: To solve a magic square puzzle using knowledge on earth’s internal heat sources
and magmatism.
Directions: Find the magic number by matching each lettered question with the correct
numbered word. Write your answers in the magic square below. If all your answers are correct,
the sum of the numbers in any directions will be the same.

A. The melting of rocks is a function of this important factor in

magma formation. The higher it is, the more rock melts and the 1. Accretion
less viscous the magma is.

B. Heat is generated when colliding planetesimals convert

gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy and then thermal 2. Differentiation
energy.

C. It plays a key role in mountain formation, as new

ascending magmas produce additional mass and volume to the 3. Endogenic
Earth's surface and subsurface

D. It is a geological process that is formed, originated, and located 4. Heat

below the surface of the earth.

E. The molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from 5. Magma
which igneous rock is formed.

F. Aside from temperature, this factor is reduced when mantle rocks

move upward due to convection, or rise as a plume within the 6. Magmatism
mantle.

G. It is the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to 7. Pressure

another, or from an energy source to a medium or object.

H. Through this process, the earth is driven largely by heat from 8. Temperature
naturally occurring radioactive isotopes in its interior.

I. In this process, heat was generated at time planets separated into

core-mantle-crust or a density stratified body. 9. Radioactive
Decay

A ____ B ____ C ____

D ____ E ____ F ____

G ____ H ____ I ____

The magic number is _____.

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 Activity 2
Crossword Puzzle:
Objective: To complete the crossword puzzle using the information obtained about the earth’s
heat sources and magmatism.
Directions: Read the clues below and fill in the correct answers.
ACROSS
3. Aggregation of particles into a massive
object which generated heat.
5. Decrease in this factor may cause
melting of rocks to form magma.
8. heat is created as a result of radiation
on materials.
9. The addition of which speeds up the
melting process as it mixes with other
materials.
10. Processes which originate below the
Earth's surface.
DOWN
1. The movement or action of magma
beneath or within the earth's crust.
2. The most important factor in the
formation of magma and this increases
with depth.
4. Through this process lighter material
rises while denser core material sinks and
manifests internal heating and melting.
6. Energy transferred between
substances or systems due to a
temperature difference between them.
7. Hot liquid or semifluid material beneath
or inside the earth's crust.
Activity 3
Reading Comprehension:
Objective: To use higher-level thinking skills to solve the riddle questions.
Directions: Read the sentences and write the answers to the riddles on the space provided.
1. I am a combination of both quality and quantity ‘though I’m not trying to be;
Transferring from one place to another, is the sign I show others.
Answer: _ _ _ _

2. A gradual increase;
A source of internal heat.
From nothingness to completeness;
Planetisimals to planets.
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Lighter material rises while denser core material sinks. Which process am I?
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. Due to breakdown, I release energy and matter which eventually produce heat.
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____

5. Through this process, I help in improving my mother’s face with the energy from forces deep
within.
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6-10. I have another name when I go out and play.
Answer: _ _ _ _
They call me ‘thick ointment if inside I stay.
Answer: _ _ _ _ _
There’s a thing they say for my motion or activity,
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Influenced by factors starting with P and T.
Now tell me the things I hide, 6
before I blow your mind.
Answers: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ & _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 Remember

Earth’s Internal Heat Sources & Magmatism

 Earth is geologically active. earthquakes, volcanoes and slow motion of the continents
(plate tectonics) do not depend on the energy from the sun. Therefore, there should be an
internal heat source.

 There are three main sources of heat. These are: heat of accretion; heat from
radioactive decay; and heat of differentiation/ frictional heat.

 Accretional heat is from when the planet formed and accreted, which has not yet been
lost. The colliding bodies resulted to the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy.

 The segregation of components generated heat forming distinct layers in which

the denser materials of a planet sink to the center, while less dense materials rise to the
surface. It is known as the heat of differentiation or frictional heat

 The earth’s third main source is the heat produced as a result of absorption of radiation
from decay of radioisotopes. This is termed as heat from radioactive decay.

 The endogenic processes depend upon the heat produced from these sources.

 Magmatism is defined as the magmatic motion or activity within and at the surface of the
earth.

 Magma is a mixture of liquid rock, minerals, and dissolved gases. It's a Greek word
meaning 'thick ointment' which was the first known geological use of the word in 1859.

 The important factors in the formation of magma are: increasing temperature; decreasing
pressure and addition of water.

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 Check Your Understanding
Part A: Modified True/False
Directions: Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the underlined word
or phrase to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before the
number.
________1. Heat is a type of energy related to kinetic energy or movement of atoms.
________2. Earth was hot when it formed.
________3. It is believed that negligible amount of energy was released when planetesimals
ran into each other or due to accretion.
________4-5. Radioactive decay is the process in which a stable atomic nucleus loses energy
in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves and transforms towards an unstable nucleus.
________6. Uranium is a special kind of element because when it decays, heat is produced. It
is this heat that keeps the earth from cooling off completely.
________7. Radioactive decay is still a source of heat.
________8. Through a gravitational sorting process called accretion, the denser and heavier
parts were drawn to the center and the less dense areas were displaced outwards.
________9. Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer
layers of a terrestrial planet.
________10. Magma forms when the temperature is low enough to melt them.
________11. Temperature decreases the more distant you go below the earth’s surface.
________12. Pressure decreases as you go deeper below Earth's surface.
________13. Melting triggered by a reduction in pressure is called decompression melting.
________14. If a rock is already close to its melting point, the effect of removing water can be
enough to trigger partial melting. This type of melting is called flux-induced melting.

Part B: Enumeration
15-17. Three main sources of earth’s internal heat
18-20. Three factors affecting the formation of magma

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 Post Test
Directions: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What do you the call the process by which the earth developed a dense core and a light

crust?

A. accretion B. differentiation C. magmatism D. radiation

2. Which likely caused the production of heat in the earth's early history?

A. compression

B. radioactivity

C. solar heating

D. volcanic activity

3. Which process occurs when an unstable nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy?

A. chemical combustion

B. electromagnetic radiation

C. radioactive decay

D. spontaneous Combustion

4. What is the effect of water on melting during the formation of magma?

A. this depends on how much water is present

B. water raises the melting temperature of a rock

C. water lowers the melting temperature of a rock

D. water does not change the melting temperature of a rock

5. Which does NOT contribute to the generation of magma?

A. addition of heat

B. addition of volatiles (water)

C. increase in pressure through convective uplifting

D. decrease in pressure through convective uplifting

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 Reflection
Learning by Reflecting:

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly by reflecting on what you have learned from

this module. Write your answers on the blanks.

1. Did you enjoy the lesson and/or activities? What was your most/least favorite part?

2. Which part did you not understand or need more information about?

3. How will you use the ideas you have gained from this module?

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