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    History of Rare Earth Elements: Axel Fredrick Cronstedt Lt. Carl Axel Arrhenius

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    Kin Delos Reyes
    1) In the 18th century, rare earth minerals were discovered in Swedish quarries and analyzed by European chemists, though their complex compositions were not fully understood. 2) In the late 18th century, Johan Gadolin analyzed one of the minerals and identified it as containing a new oxide, which was later named yttria. 3) Throughout the 19th century, European chemists further separated and isolated rare earth elements from yttria and other rare earth minerals, including cerium, lanthanum, and didymium.

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    History of Rare Earth Elements: Axel Fredrick Cronstedt Lt. Carl Axel Arrhenius

    Uploaded by

    Kin Delos Reyes
    17 views5 pages
    1) In the 18th century, rare earth minerals were discovered in Swedish quarries and analyzed by European chemists, though their complex compositions were not fully understood. 2) In the late 18th century, Johan Gadolin analyzed one of the minerals and identified it as containing a new oxide, which was later named yttria. 3) Throughout the 19th century, European chemists further separated and isolated rare earth elements from yttria and other rare earth minerals, including cerium, lanthanum, and didymium.

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    Rare Earth Elements

    Original Title

    History of REE

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    1) In the 18th century, rare earth minerals were discovered in Swedish quarries and analyzed by European chemists, though their complex compositions were not fully understood. 2) In the late 18th century, Johan Gadolin analyzed one of the minerals and identified it as containing a new oxide, which was later named yttria. 3) Throughout the 19th century, European chemists further separated and isolated rare earth elements from yttria and other rare earth minerals, including cerium, lanthanum, and didymium.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views5 pages

    History of Rare Earth Elements: Axel Fredrick Cronstedt Lt. Carl Axel Arrhenius

    Uploaded by

    Kin Delos Reyes
    1) In the 18th century, rare earth minerals were discovered in Swedish quarries and analyzed by European chemists, though their complex compositions were not fully understood. 2) In the late 18th century, Johan Gadolin analyzed one of the minerals and identified it as containing a new oxide, which was later named yttria. 3) Throughout the 19th century, European chemists further separated and isolated rare earth elements from yttria and other rare earth minerals, including cerium, lanthanum, and didymium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    History of Rare Earth Elements

    1751
    Axel Fredrick Cronstedt
    1787
    (Swedish Mineralogist and Chemist)
    Lt. Carl Axel Arrhenius
    Described an unusual (Swedish Chemist)
    heavy, reddish mineral
    Found an interesting,
    found in the Quarry of
    very dense black
    Bastnäs.
    mineral which he named
    Ytterbite.

    Carl Wilhelm Scheele Bengt Reinhold Geijer


    (Swedish Chemist) (Swedish Mineralogist )

    Analyzed the mineral He speculated that the


    and conclude that it mineral might contain
    was only an iron Tungsten.
    aluminium silicate.
    History of Rare Earth Elements
    Cerite
    First of the rare earth
    minerals discovered.

    Ytterbite
    It was later named Gadolinite,
    and it was here that new
    elements were discovered.

    1794
    The chemistry of the rare
    earths began with Gadolin’s
    Figure 3. 150 years of rare earths history. The complex compositions of the two
    starting minerals cerite and gadolinite (ytterbite) are revealed in the flow chart observation.
    of discoveries of the elements

    https://www.periodni.com/history_of_rare_earth_elements.html
    History of Rare Earth Elements
    The Opening Began

    1794 1797
    Johan Gadolin Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
    (Chemist ) (Swedish Chemist)

    Confirmed Gadolin’s analysis


    and shortened the name
    Ytterbia to Yttria.

    He was able to show that the


    new mineral contained:
    23% silicon dioxide
    4.5% Beryllium oxide
    16.5% iron oxide
    55.5% Ytterbia (new oxide)
    History of Rare Earth Elements
    The Opening Began
    1803
    Early Greeks Wilhelm Hisinger
    (Swedish Ironmaster and Scientist)

    Defined Earth as materials that


    could not be change further by the
    sources of heat then available.

    Ca, Al, Mg were known as Earths.


    Jöns Jakob Berzelius
    (Chemist)
    Martin Klaproth
    (German Chemist)

    Same conclusion: it Analyzed ‘tungsten of Bastanäs’ and


    contained a new isolated an earth similar to Yttria but
    element which he recognized it was distinct.
    called ochroite due
    to the light yellow They named the new earth as Ceria.
    color of the pure
    substance. Co-discoverers of Cerium: Hisinger, Berzelius,
    Klaproth
    History of Rare Earth Elements
    The Opening Began

    Russian Matryoshka Dolls


    1839
    Carl Gustav Mosander
    (Swedish Chemist)

    Separated Ceria into


    pure Ceria and an
    earth which he
    named Lanthana
    (Lanthanein=to lie
    hidden)

    Figure 4. Rare earth elements as a Russian 1842 He showed that Lanthana


    contained another earth
    nesting dolls (matryoshka or babushka
    dolls): red is 'ceria matryoshka' and blue is which he called Dydimia
    'ittria matryoshka'. (Didymos=twins)
    https://www.periodni.com/history_of_rare_earth_ele
    ments.html

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