LAW ENFORCEMENT

ADMINISTRATION
Basics
By Rodel Duero Cabaro
 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND
ADMINISTRATION
TERMS
• POLICE ORGANIZATION- A body of civil officers
task to maintain peace and order and enforce
the laws.
• POLICE ADMINISTRATION- the organizational
process concerned with the implementation
of objectives and plans and internal operating
efficiency of the department.
 POLICE
• It is the agency of the community or
government that is responsible for enforcing
the law, maintaining public order, preventing
and detecting crimes.
• A constitutionally created agency.
 EVOLUTION OF POLICE SYSTEM
• POLICE- from the greek word POLITEIA which
means government of a city.
- Romans changed it to POLITIA
- French changed the word to POLICE
- England used the word COPPER or
COP from phrase CHIEF OF POLICE.
PRAETORIAN GUARD OF ROME- Police force as a
protective law enforcement organization and
uses military bodies as guardians of the peace.
 ANCIENT POLICE
• In 2,000 B.C. a babylonian clay table shows a
report from a babylonian officer to his
superiors about his action of looking the man
in his house as he was ordered, took him into
custody, took fingerprints, and took control of
the man's property.
• In 2,000 B.C. in Indus VALLEY - historical
records show the existence of special Watch-
houses which were used by the police officers
whose duty was to patrol and maintain peace
• In the holy bible, there are numerous
references to TEMPLE GUARDS and
WATCHMEN which has the duty to protect the
city and arrest offenders.
• HIEROGLYPICS from the ancient Egyptians
shows they have police officers and even have
special flag with its distinctive emblem, a
Gazelle with a large ostrich feather. Protective
police patrol appered during those times
because of the great treasures hidden in many
• They too became the first to use POLICE DOGS
on patrol. They invented also the LOCK. Their
POLICE was called MEDJAY who were civilians
and headed by an EGYPTIAN MILITARY
OFFICER.
• Few years before the Lord Jesus Christ,
AUGUSTUS formed the VIGILES of rome, a
group of 2,000 men, armed with staves and
short swords, whose duty was to keep the
peace and fight fires.
 POLICING SYSTEM DURING THE
MIDDLE AGES
1. Anglo-Saxon(ancient England)
A. FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM- mutual pledge,
whereby every male over 12 years old join 9 of
his neighbors to form TYTHINGMEN- A group of
men whose duty was to apprehend any person
who offends another and deliver that offender
for trial. Anyone who failed to join and perform
the obigatory duty was severely fined. Thus
policing responsibility lies on the hands of the
citizens.
B. TUN POLICING- forerunner of the word town.
All male residents were required to guard the
town to preserve peace and order, protect life
and properties of the people and other factors
that disturbs the peace and order.
C. HUE AND CRY- the complainant or the victim
goes to tge middle of the community and shout
to call all male residents to assemble. The victim
reports his complaint to the assembly.
Consequently, all tge male residents will go after
D. ROYAL JUDGE SYSTEM- The royal judge
conducted criminal investigation and gave
punishment fitted to the crime committed. This
practice started tge identification of criminals.
E. TRIAL BY ORDEAL- a suspect was required to
place his hands over boiling water or oil. If ge
would not get hurt, he will be acquited but
when hurt, he would be considered guilty
because of tge supposed devine intervention.
Double jeopardy was prevalent during this
 NORMAN PERIOD
A. SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM - When william, the
duke of normandy became the ruler of
ENGLAND, He devided his kingdom into 55
military districts known as the SHIRE-REEVES.
SHIRE means a district while REEVE means the
ruler who made laws, pass judgment and
impose punishment. The term SHIRE-REEVE
eventually became SHERIFF, the title of the
CHIEF OF CONSTABLES or POLICE OFFICERS in a
certain town. The TRAVELLING JUDGE was held
B. LEGIS HENRIE- KING HENRY I:
- Law violations were classified as offenses
against tge king.
- Policemen became public officials
- The police and tge citizens have the broad
power to arrest.
- Grand Jury was created to inquire on tye
facts of the Law.
C. KEEPERS OF THE PEACE, 1995, KING RICHARD
OF ENGLAND- Required the appointment of
Knights to keep the KING's PEACE by standing as
GUARDS ON THE BRIDGES and GATES while
checking the people entering and leaving the
cities and towns.
D. MAGNA CARTA (GREAT CHARTER)
-June 15, 1215, KING JOHN OF ENGLAND-
enacted upon the demand of the KNIGHTS of
the ROUND TABLE.
The KNIGHTS FORCED KING JOHN TO SIGN the
document which declared the following;
1. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned,
disposed, outlawed, or bowed except by legal
judgement of peers.
2. No person should be tried for murder unless
there is a proof of the body of the victim.
3. There should be national and local
government as well as the national and local
legislation.
 WESTMINSTER PERIOD
A. STATUTE OF WINCHESTER(1285) Introduced
the WATCH AND WARD. A WATCH was stationed
between the sunrise at each gate of a walled
town. It revived the hue and cry.
B. STATUTE OF 1295- began tge clossing of the
gates of London during the sunset. This started
the observation of curfew hours.
C. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE- a position given to a
respected citizen, who has the power to arrest,
pursue and imprison the offenders.
D. STAR CHAMBER COURT- established as special
court that tried the offenders against the state.
 MODERN PERIOD(17th-19th
century) in ENGLAND
1. KING CHARLES II OF ENGLAND, in 1663, a law
that provides for the employment of NIGHT
WATCHMEN OR BELLMEN called CHARLIES to be
on duty from sunset to sunrise.
2. HENRY FIELDING, 1748, became the CHIEF
MAGISTRATE at BOW STREET in London,
organized the BOW STREET RUNNERS(Thief
catchers) and later formed the BOW STREET
HORSE PATROL whose duty was to patrol the
main roads thus secure the travelers from
3. SIR ROBERT PEEL ( father of modern policing
system), 1829 established the LONDON
METROPOLITAN POLICE, which became the
worlds first modern organized police force.
PEEL's police were called "Peel's bloody gang,
blue devils, and dirty papists. It was later called
SCOTLAND YARD.
FRENCH POLICE SYSTEM during the
Modern Period in France
• During the ROMAN EMPIRE, France was the
Roman Province, GAUL.
• FRENCH adopted Augustus Caesar's Idea of
Police by giving them broad powers such as
price control, welfare, public morals and even
setting judgment of these offenders. These
duties are now called CIVIL matters or duties.
• In 16th century, Paris has two patrols, the
CITIZEN NIGHT GUARD and the ROYAL GUARD.
ST. LOUIS gave them the motto "HE WATCHES
• During tge 17th century in France, King Louis
XIV maintained a small central police
organization consisting of some 40 inspectors
who, with the help of numerous paid
informants, supplied the government with
details about the conduct of Private
individuals.
• In Paris, the position OFFICERS DE PAIX was
formed in 1719. This was tge origin of term
PEACE OFFICERS. They wore no uniform , but
The French were tge first to establish uniformed
police officers- they were called SERGENT DE
VILLE (servant of the city) They wore blue
uniforms and carried canes in day time and
sabres at night.
Other contributions of french in the
development of policing systems were :
A. Conceiving street signs
B. Assigning house numbers
C. Installing street lightings
D. Creating emergency and rescue services.
E. Use of police ambulances.
F. Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority
to arrest.
 AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM
• Followed model developed in England.
• Night watchmen known as RATTLEWATCH.
• Develop American municipal police force.
EVOLUTION OF POLICE SERVICE IN
THE PHILIPPINE SETTING
• Policing system during the spanish regime.
- CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICO (
MOUNTED POLICE) carry out the policies obthe
spanish government. Members were armed.
Later they discharged the duties of a port,
harbor, and river police.
- GUARDRILLEROS by royal Decree, January 8,
1836. A rural police organized in each town 5%
able bodied male inhabitants of each town or
province and each member should serve for at
• GUARDIA CIVIL by Royal Decree, feb. 12 1852-
It relieved the Spanish Peninsular Troops of
their works in policing towns. It consisted of a
body of Filipino policemen organized originally
in each of the provincial capitals of the central
Provinces of luzon under the command of
ALCALDE GOVERNOR.
 DURING THE JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
• KEMPETAI- Japanese Military police held
responsible in maintaining peace and order in
Manila and adjacent areas until Gen. Douglas
McArthur returned on Feb. 7, 1945.
• MANILA POLICE DEPARTMENT- during tge first
American occupation, was renamed into
METROPOLITAN CONSTABULARY under
BUREAU OF CONSTABULARY
 POLICE SERVICE DURING
AMERICAN OCCUPATION UNTIL
THE WORLD WAR II BROKE OUT
• INSULAR POLICE FORCE, November 30 1900
during the Filipino American war ( 1898-1901)
upon the recommendation of ge Philippine
Commission to the Secretary of war.
• INSULAR CONSTABULARY, July 18, 1901 by Act
Nr. 175- an act providing for tge orgnization
and Government of an insular Constabulary.
• MANILA POLICE DEPARTMENT- july 31 1901
by Act Nr. 183 of the Philippine Commission.
The first Chief of Police was Capt. George Cury,
• Capt. Columbus Piatt was the last American
COP of MPD before WWII broke out.
• INSULAR CONSTABULARY was changed to
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY (PC), October 3,
1901 by Act Nr. 255- Brig/Gen. Henry T. ALLEN
was the 1st Chief of the PC from 1901 to 1907
for such he was called as tge father of
CONSTABULARY in Phil. The PC was manned
by mostly Filipinos but Officers were mostly
Americans.
• REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1917-
Stated that the PC is a National Police
Institution fir preserving the Peace Keeping
order and enforcing the law.
Brig/Gen. RAFAEL CRAME became the first
Filipino Vhief of Police.
RA 3815, January 1, 1932- Revised Penal Code of
the Phil.
• Act Nr. 181, November 1938- creation of
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, the modification
of the Division of Investigation from the
Department of Justice. Finally, on june 19,
1947, RA 157 created the NBI.
COL. ANTONIO C. TORRES- The first Filipino Cop
when Manila Police Department became an all
Filipino Police organization.
COL. MARCUS ELLIS JONES- a US Provost
Marshall who was named as MPD COP just after
• COL. LAMBERTO T. JAVALERA- 1st Filipino COP
of MPD appointed by Pres. Roxas under
republic Government.