New DLL Physical Science
New DLL Physical Science
New DLL Physical Science
Redshift
In the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and Carl Wilhelm Wirtz
measured the wavelengths of light from spiral
nebulae, which are interstellar clouds of dust and
ionized gases. They discovered that the light from
the nebulae increased in wavelength. They
explained their discovery as a Doppler shift.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
Redshift
The Doppler shift or Doppler effect explains that
when an object gets closer to us, its light waves are
compressed into shorter wavelengths (blueshifted).
On the other hand, when an object moves away
from us, its light waves are stretched into longer
wavelengths (redshifted).
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
Redshift
Slipher and Wirtz then explained that the redshift or
increase in wavelength was due to the increase in
the distance between the Earth and the nebulae.
They concluded that the redshift occurred due to
In
the1929, Edwin
expansion Hubble used the redshift of light
of space.
from galaxies to calculate the velocities and
distances of these galaxies from the Earth. He
discovered that they were moving away from the
Earth and from each other. His calculations
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
Cosmic Microwave Background
In 1965, Robert Wilson and
Radiation
Arno Penzias discovered a
low, steady “hum” from their
Holmdel Horn antenna (an
antenna built to support
NASA’s Project Echo). They
concluded that the noise is
Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
Abundance of Light
Elements
The observed abundance of light elements supports
the big bang theory. The theory predicts that the
universe is composed of 73% hydrogen and 25%
helium by mass. The prediction correlated to the
measured abundances of primordial material in
unprocessed gas in some parts of the universe with
no stars.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
Formation of Light Elements
Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of
producing the light elements during the big bang
In the beginning, the universe
expansion.
was very hot that matter was
fully ionized and dissociated.
Few seconds after the start of
the big bang, the universe was
filled with protons, neutrons,
electrons, neutrinos, and
positrons. After the first three
minutes, the universe cooled
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory
Formation of Light Elements
Protons and neutrons combined to form atomic
nuclei such as deuterium.
Proton-Proton Chain
The proton-proton chain is a series of
thermonuclear reactions in the stars. It is the
main source of energy radiated by the sun and
other stars. It happens due to the large kinetic
energies of the protons. If the kinetic energies of
the protons are high enough to overcome their
electrostatic repulsion, then proton-proton chain
proceeds.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
Neutron Capture
In neutron capture, a neutron is added to a seed
nucleus. The addition of neutron produces a heavier
isotope of the element.
Neutron Capture
Neutron capture can either be slow or rapid.
Slow neutron capture or s-process happens
when there is a small number of neutrons. It is
termed slow because the rate of neutron capture is
slow compared to the rate of 0-1β decay. Therefore, if
a 0-1β decay occurs, it almost always occurs before
another neutron can be captured.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
Neutron Capture
Rapid neutron capture or r-process, on the
other hand, happens when there is a large number
of neutrons. It is termed rapid because the rate of
neutron capture is fast that an unstable nucleus
may still be combined with another neutron just
before it undergoes 0-1β decay.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
Neutron Capture
The r-process is associated with a supernova. The
temperature after a supernova is tremendously high
that the neutrons are moving very fast. Because of
their speed, they can immediately combine with the
already heavy isotopes. This kind of nucleosynthesis
is also called supernova nucleosynthesis.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
Proton Capture
Proton capture (p-process) is the addition of a
proton in the nucleus. It happens after a supernova,
when there is a tremendous amount of energy
available. It is because the addition of a proton to
the nucleus is not favorable because of Coulombic
repulsion, which is the repulsive force between
particles with the same charge.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
Proton Capture
Proton capture produces a heavier nucleus that is
different from the seed nucleus.
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WHAT IS THE MISSING PART OF THE
REACTION?
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WHAT IS THE MISSING PART OF THE
REACTION?
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ANSWERS
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TRY IT!
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