Urban Design Movements

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT : LETCHWORTH CITY
Letchworth Garden City, commonly known as Letchworth, is a town in Hertfordshire,

England.
The town's name is taken from one of the three villages it surrounded (the other two
being Willian and Norton) . The town was laid out by Raymond Unwin as a demonstration of
the principles established by Ebenezer Howard who sought to create an alternative to the
industrial city by combining the best of town and country living. It is also home to the United
Kingdom's first roundabout, which was built in 1909.
As one of the world's first new towns and the first garden city it had great influence on future
town planning and the New towns movement; it influenced Welwyn Garden City, which used a
similar approach and inspired other projects around the world including the Australian
capital Canberra, hellerau, Germany, Tapanila, Finland, and Mežaparks in Latvia.
Design and architects:

Devised by Ebenezer Howard.
Master Plan drawn up by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin.
Architectural Style/qualities:
•Roughcast render cladding over bricks.
•Red roof tiles.
•Green drainpipes, water butts, doors, etc.
•Gables and dormer windows .
•Street layout is in an axial layout with roads radiating out from a central square, based
on Sir Christopher Wren’s (never-built) plan for London, following the Great Fire of
1666.
•Tree-lined streets, each with a different variety of tree
•Zoning of different types of building - industrial, commercial, middle-class and
worker’s housing.
•Planned green spaces throughout
•Surrounded by a rural belt
Settlement Size -7.7 sq mi / 20 sq km / 5,500 acres
Population - 33,249
Employment Numbers- Approx 15,000 jobs
Sources- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT -WASHINGTON CITY
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North

American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s
with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The
movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit,
and Washington, D.C., It was sought to revitalize Washington D.C.'s "monumental core"
as an expression of continuity with the "founding fathers" as well as an expression of
governmental legitimacy in a changing and confusing era of expansion; and finally, to
utilize the beauty of the monumental center as a means of social control and civic
amelioration.
Briefly, the Commission proposed to surround the Capitol square with a series
of monumental buildings for Congressional use and for the Supreme Court. These,
together with the existing Library of Congress, would form a frame for the Capitol and its
towering dome. Extending westwards on a rectified axis, a broad Mall with four carriage
drives would lead to the Washington Monument. Lining the Mall on both sides would be
major cultural and educational buildings.
The 1901 Plan was the first real expression of the City Beautiful movement in
America, believing in the power of beauty in the urban center to not only increase
business and property prices, but to induce civic pride and its attendant moral
and economic reforms. The Plan did not explicitly address the problems of the
overcrowded and impoverished tenements and alleys surrounding the monumental Union station façade , Washington D.C
core; instead government buildings were to replace "notorious slum communities“
The potential for monumentality, beauty, and community building was immense
in the redesign of Washington D.C. But as Norma Evenson observes in her article
"Monumental Spaces," : "As a planned city, Washington provided opportunities for the
creation of large-scale urban unity: the axial government complex could be
harmoniously embodied within, and related to, a comprehensively ordered street
fabric."
Sources- http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/CITYBEAUTIFUL/plan.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/City-Beautiful-
movement/media/1/119016/115704
UTOPIAN MOVEMENT - PULMANOVA , ITALY
This town may be a fortress, At first, Palmanova was supposed to be a

utopia, a place where everything is ideal and a self-sustaining community
where everyone was equal and had a purpose. The design of the fortress
and the buildings was geometrically perfect. The paths were carefully
constructed and each part of the town had a particular purpose. The
people who were supposed to live there would share the exactly same
amount of land and responsibilities.
Besides the fact that this fortress town was a masterpiece of
Venetian military architecture, there was one big problem with it. Namely,
no one wanted to live in it. The government didn’t know what to do. They
were so desperate that in 1622 they released many prisoners and gave
them property in Palmanova. They were the first settlers of the town.
It is ironic that this fascinating fortress never met a single battle.

It was ruled by the Venetian Republic for almost 200 years and throughout
its entire history, it was besieged only three times.
At the beginning of the 1800s, Palmanova was conquered by
Napoleon Bonaparte who added more military buildings and built another
wall in form of a star outside the town in order to protect the center from
the enemy’s artilleries. Very soon, Palmanova came under Austrian
influence and was eventually annexed by the modern Kingdom of Italy in
1866.
During the First and the Second World War, the Italian military used
the town as a base where they set up hospitals and stored facilities.
Throughout Europe, there are numerous fortifications of this kind, but The three fortified walls, the military works and the main civil buildings of
Palmanova is considered as a unique example of a star fort. In 1960, the city are under direct monumental restriction, while almost the entirety
of the architectural heritage within the city is subjected to indirect
Palmanova became a National Monument. monumental restriction.
Sources- - http://www.unesco-venetianfortresses.com/parti-del- Furthermore, the entire urban area is identified by the General Urban Plan
sito/palmanova-2/ as “Zone A” of full protection.The perimeter lies within the protected area
https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/12/26/fortress-town-of- identified by the General Urban Plan as “Agricultural Area” subject to
environmental protection which identifies a wide buffer zone around the
palmanova-is-the-most-perfect-shaped-town-in-the-world/ French walls.

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GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT : LETCHWORTH CITY

Letchworth Garden City, commonly known as Letchworth, is a town in Hertfordshire,

Design and architects:

The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North

This town may be a fortress, At first, Palmanova was supposed to be a

It is ironic that this fascinating fortress never met a single battle.

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