5 The Sexual Self
5 The Sexual Self
5 The Sexual Self
Estrogen and Regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for women, with
progesterone estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it.
Understanding
the Chemistry of
Lust, Love and
Attachment
Anthropologist Helen Fisher proposed three stages of falling in
love and for each stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.
• Marked by physical
attraction
• You want to seduce and be
seduced by your object of
affection
• Will not guarantee, however,
that the couple will fall in
love in any lasting way
• Norepinephrine – responsible
for the extra surge of energy and
triggers increased heart rate, loss
of appetite, as well as the desire to
sleep. The body is more alert and
is ready for action.
• Dopamine – associated with
motivation and goal-directed
behavior. It makes you pursue
your object of affection. It creates a
sense of novelty, where the person
seems exciting, special, or unique
that you want to tell the world
about his or her admirable traits.
• Serotonin – low levels are found
in people who are in love
Involves the desire to have
lasting commitment with
your significant other.
Psychological aspect of sexual desire
• Sexual desire is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or
activities, and is sometimes, but not always, accompanied by genital
arousal.
• Sexual desire can be triggered by a large variety of cues and situations,
including private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials
(books, movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environment,
situations or social interactions.
• Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive.
Sex drive represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to
seek sexual activity or gratification.
Sexual desire represents a more complex psychological
experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
Psychological aspect of sexual desire
• Factors the influence notable gender differences on sexual desire:
– Culture
– Social environment
– Political situations
• Men are more visual while women are auditory and tactile.
• Women may place great emphasis on interpersonal relationships
while males enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.
• Early human females practiced selective mating with carefully chosen
males to achieve maximum reproductive success, while no such
pressure was evident on men. This may have favoured the evolution of
stronger sexual desires in men than in women.
Diversity of
Sexual Behavior
Source: https://www.dzbreaking.com/2017/12/11/english-teacher-difference-sex-gender/
Sexual Orientations
Terms Definition
LGBTQ+ an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual
orientations, aaand romantic orientations.
Transsexualism people who believe they were born with the body of the other gender.
Transsexuals sometimes seek sex-change operations.
Queer/Questioning a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure
about using more specific terms, or those who do not simply wish to label themselves and prefer to use
a broader umbrella term.
Intersex people who are born with a mix of male and female biological traits that
can make it hard for doctors to assign them a male or female sex.
Asexual a person who is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity
Pansexual people who are attracted to others regardless of their sex or gender
There is preliminary empirical research that strongly suggests sexual orientation is not a
choice. Just as the majority of the heterosexual people do not choose to be attracted to the
opposite sex, the large majority of the LGBTQ+ people do not choose theirs. The only real
choice that the LGBTQ+ community has to deal with is whether to be open about their
orientation.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?
1.Biological
―Evidence for a genetic origin of sexual orientation comes from studies of identical twins. The studies found
that when one twin identified himself or herself as homosexual, the occurrence of homosexuality in the
other twin was higher than in the general population.
―Hormones also may play a role in determining sexual orientation. Research shows that women exposed
before birth to DES (diethylstillbestrol – a drug their mothers took to avoid miscarriage) were more likely
to be homosexual or bisexual (Meyer-Bahlburg, 1997 in Feldman, 2013).
―Differences in brain structures may be related to sexual orientation. The structure of the
anterior hypothalamus (an area of the brain that governs sexual behavior) differs in male
homosexuals and heterosexuals. Similarly, other research shows that compared with
heterosexual men or women, gay men have a larger anterior commissure, which is a bundle
of neurons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
―Research suggesting that biological causes are at the root
cause of homosexuality is not conclusive because most findings are based on only small samples of
individuals. Still, the possibility is real that some inherited or biological factor exists that predisposes people
toward homosexuality if certain environmental conditions are met.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?
3. Learning Theory
―According to this view, sexual orientation is learned through rewards and
punishments. For example, a young adolescent who had an unpleasant heterosexual
experience might develop disagreeable associations with the other sex. If the same
person had a rewarding, pleasant gay or lesbian experience, homosexuality might be
incorporated into his or her sexual fantasies. If such fantasies are used during later
sexual activities – such as masturbation – they may be positively reinforced through
orgasm, and the association of homosexual behavior and sexual pleasure eventually
may cause homosexuality to become the preferred form of sexual behavior.
―Although the learning theory explanation is plausible, several difficulties rule it out as a
definitive explanation. Because our society has traditionally held homosexuality in low
esteem, one ought to expect that the negative treatment of homosexual behavior
would outweigh the rewards attached to it. Furthermore, children growing up with a
gay or lesbian parent are statistically unlikely to become homosexual, which thus
contradicts the notion that homosexual behavior may be learned from others.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?
4. Urban Setting
― Homosexuality is positively correlated with urbanization, which was more
substantial in men than in women. Large cities seem to provide a friendlier
environment for same-gender interest to develop and be expressed than in rural
areas.
- Because of the difficulty in finding a consistent explanation for sexual orientation, we can’t
definitively answer the question of what determines it. It seems unlikely that any single
factor orients a person towards homosexuality or heterosexuality. Instead, it seems
reasonable to assume that a combination of biological and environmental factors is
involved.
- One thing is clear though: There is no relationship between sexual orientation and
psychological adjustment.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Understand the sexually transmitted disease and its different
types;
Know some speculations or uncertainties about sexually
transmitted disease and be enlightened with the facts;
Have a right thoughts about people who have sexually
transmitted disease; and
Use what you have understand about yourself to avoid sexually
transmitted disease, as well on how to get along with those
people who are victims of it.
WHAT iS Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) ?
It is a disease or infection acquired through sexual
contact where the organisms that cause STD are
passed on from person to person.
WHAT iS Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) ?
STD/STI are passed in:
1. Blood;
2. Semen;
3. Viginal;
4. Or any other bodily fluids.
Chlamydia
It is the most common bacterial infection primarily spread
during unprotected anal, viginal, and oral sex.
It usually has no symptoms or symptoms only occur one to
several weeks, after having sex.
These symptoms includes the following:
1. Painful feeling while urinating;
2. Unusual "discharge" in the penis/ vagina; and
3. Genital sores
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
Gonorrhea
It is a bacterial disease that affects the vagina, throat and urinary
discharge. A person gets it from unprotected anal, viginal, and
oral sex.
It usually has no symptoms or symptoms only occur one to
several weeks, after having sex.
These symptoms includes the following:
1. Painful feeling while urinating;
2. Green, yellow or white "discharge" in the penis/ vagina, and
3. Genital sores
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
Herpes
This is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Herpes
affects the mouth and the human genitals.
It is obtained by direct physical contact with the mouth and/or genitals
from the person who has it. Also, the disease can be transferred through
mouth to mouth contacts.
The virus can be spread through skin-to-skin contact with sores, but it may
also spread even before sores can be seen on the infected person.
Symptoms include itchy or painful blisters.
In most people, the sores come and go, but the virus stays in the body for
life.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
Syphilis
Considered as one of the most serious sexually transmitted infection.
Syphilis is caused by a bacterium which can be spread by vaginal, anal, or
oral sex without a condom or latex/polyurethane barrier.
The disease has several phases.
People with primary syphilis (early disease) may have pain-free open sores,
called chancres, in the genital or anal area or around the mouth.
People with secondary syphilis (a later stage of the disease) often have a
rash and/or hair loss. If left untreated, syphilis can proceed to the latent
stage during which it may have no visible symptoms but can cause damage
to the heart, brain, and other organs.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
Hepatitis B
Is an inflammation (irritation) of the liver.
This caused by viruses that exist in blood, vaginal
secretions, semen, and breast milk.
People who have hepatitis B virus (HBV) may experience
symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, nausea,
vomiting, and light-colored stools. The infection is
diagnosed by a blood test.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
HIV- AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that
causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
It is present in blood, vaginal secretions, semen, and
breast milk. HIV can be spread through vaginal, oral, or
anal sex without a condom.
This virus causes the body’s immune system to
weaken or become deficient.
Many people living with HIV look and feel healthy and
do not think they are at risk for becoming sick or
passing HIV to others.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
HIV- AIDS
Once infected with HIV, there are very mild symptoms
or none at all
After 5-10 yrs, the body’s immune system becomes to
weak to fight off infections – this syndrome of having
many infections at the same time because of a
weakened immune system is called AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
There is NO cure for HIV infection.
The HIV Situation in the Philippines
So what’s
causing the Risky
increase in Behavior
HIV cases? Prevention
HIV/AIDS cases disaggregated by gender (1984 to
2011)
2011
2006 to 2010
2001 to 2005
FEMALE
MALE
1996 to 2000
1991 to 1995
1984 to 1990
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
90%
80%
70%
60% HETEROSEX
PERINATAL
50%
IVDU
40% TRANSFUSION
30%
20%
10%
90%
80%
70%
HOMOSEXUAL
60% BISEXUAL
HETEROSEX
50%
PERINATAL
40% TRANSFUSION
IVDU
30%
20%
10%
0%
2009 2010 2011
Source: Philippine HIV Registry
500
Number of Cases
400
sharinginfected
300 needles
male-malesex
200
N A National
T I O N A LEpidemiology
E P I D E M I O Center
L O G Y -CDOH
E N T ER
Number of Years Between
First Crush to First Sex
Source:
Before First Sex: Gender Differences in Emotional Relationships and Physical Behaviors
Among Adolescents in the Philippines. International Family Planning Perspectives 32(2):110-119
Source:
Before First Sex: Gender Differences in Emotional Relationships and Physical Behaviors
Among Adolescents in the Philippines. International Family Planning Perspectives 32(2):110-119
If we do nothing,
HIV is a problem that will NOT go away….
We HAVE to do something.
Everyone CAN do something.
HEALTHY REMINDERS:
3. Coitus Interruptus/
Withdrawal
-One of the oldest methods of
contraception
-Withdrawal involves a man
withdrawing his penis during sex and
releasing his ejaculate, whichcontains
sperm,outside the woman’s vagina. for
most people withdrawal is one of the
least effective contraceptive methods
-This method is only 75% effective
because pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa may cause
fertilization.
-Effective practice of withdrawal
requires men to have good self-control.
A man must be able and willing to
withdraw the penis and ejaculate
outside the woman’s body
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
1. Oral Contraceptives
- It is also known as the pill.Oral
contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen- Suppresses ovulation
Progesterone- Decrease the
permeability of the cervical mucus to
limit the sperm’saccess to the ova.
- Oral contraceptive pills should be taken
one pill every day. They are most
effective when no pills are missed, the
pill is taken at the same timeevery day,
and each new pack of pills is started
without a delay.
• Pros: More regular, lighter periods, or no
periods, depending on the type of pill.
Less cramping.
• Cons: no STDprotection. May causeside
effects, including breast tenderness,
spotting, serious blood clots, and raised
blood pressure. Some women shouldnot
use birth controlpills.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
2. Transdermal Contraceptive Patch
-A medicated adhesive patch that is
placed on the skin to deliver a
specific dose and into the
bloodstream.
- Has both combination of both
estrogen and progesterone
released into the bloodstream to
prevent pregnancy.
• Pros: More regular, lighter periods
with less cramping, no need to
remember a daily pill.
• Cons: may cause skin irritation or
other side effects similar to birth
control pills. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
3. Vaginal Ring
-The NuvaRing is a soft plastic ring
that is worn inside the vagina. The
ring releases the same hormones as
the pill and patch and is just as
effective. But it only needs to be
replaced once a month.
• Pros: Lighter, more regular
periods, only replaced once per
month.
• Cons: may cause vaginal irritation
or other side effects similar to pills
and the patch. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
4. Subdermal Implants (ex. Birth
control implant)
Contraceptive implants (implanon)
is a matchstick-sized rod and is
inserted under the skin of a
woman’s upper arm and provide
continuous, highly effective
pregnancy protection for 3 to 5
years.
Pros: Lasts three years, highly
effective.
• Cons: May cause side effects,
including irregular bleeding.
Doesn't protect against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
7. Chemical Barriers
-Spermecides, vaginal gels, creams and
glycerite films are used to cause the
death of the sperm before they can enter
the cervix.
Spermicide contains a chemical that kills
sperm. It comes in the form of foam,
jelly, cream, or film that is placed inside
the vagina before sex. Some types must
be put in place 30 minutes ahead of
time. Spermicides are most often used
along with other birth control methods
• Pros: Easy to use, inexpensive.
• Cons: May increase the risk of STDs,
29% get pregnant. Frequent use may
cause tissue irritation, increasing the
risk of infections and STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
8. Diaphragm
-The diaphragm is a rubber dome that is
placed over the cervix before sex. It is
used with a spermicide. Effectiveness
compares to the male condom –16% of
average users get pregnant, including
those who don't use the device correctly
every time.
• Pros: Inexpensive
• Cons: Must be fitted by a doctor, no
STD protection. Can't be used during
your period due to a risk of toxic shock
syndrome.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
9. Cervical Cap
-A cervical cap is similar to a diaphragm,
but smaller. The FemCap slips into place
over the cervix, blocking entry into the
uterus. It is used with spermicide. The
failure rate for the cervical cap is 15%for
women who have never had children
and 30% for those who have.
• Pros: Can stay in place for 48 hours,
inexpensive.
• Cons: Must be fitted by a doctor, no
protection ,vaginal irritation and some
women experience increase in the
number of bladder infection.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning Methods:
12. SurgicalMethods.
- One of the most effective birth control method.
- This method ensures conception is inhibited permanently after the surgery.
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
The Effectiveness of contraceptives and How it works?
effective is…………………….
abstinence.
MOST EFFECTIVEMETHOD???