INTRODUCTION

DATA:- It is a collection of values and facts.

INFORMATION:-When data is processed then
generate some information.
DATABASE:-database is collection of organized data
which include some data structure for saving data
in better way.
DBMS:-A DBMS is a software that allows creation,
definition and manipulation of database. DBMS is
actually a tool used to perform any kind of
operation on data in database. DBMS also
provides protection and security to database.
DBMS
DBMS
 INTRODUCTION OF RDBMS
• What is RDBMS?
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database
systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and
Microsoft Access.
A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a
database management system (DBMS) that is based on the
relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd of IBM in 1970.
 RELATIONAL MODEL
• The data in an RDBMS is stored in database
objects which are called as tables. This table is
basically a collection of related data entries
and it consists of numerous columns and
rows.
• Remember, a table is the most common and
simplest form of data storage in a relational
database.
TABLE
Introduction of table
 SQL
Structured Query Language
(MySQL)
 INTRODUCTION OF SQL
• What is SQL?
 SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a
computer language for storing, manipulating and
retrieving data stored in a relational database.
 SQL is the standard language for Relational
Database System.
 MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix,
Postgres and SQL Server use SQL as their
standard database language.
SQL OPERATION
 INTRODUCTION OF SQL
• Why SQL?
• Allows users to access data in the relational database
management systems.
• Allows users to describe the data.
• Allows users to define the data in a database and manipulate
that data.
• Allows to embed within other languages using SQL modules,
libraries & pre-compilers.
• Allows users to create and drop databases and tables.
• Allows users to create view, stored procedure, functions in a
database.
• Allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures and
views.
SQL Commands
 Most Important SQL Commands
• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index
DDL
 SQL CREATE DATABASE STATEMENT

Syntax:-
CREATE DATABASE databasename;

Example:-

CREATE DATABASE testDB;

 SQL DROP DATABASE STATEMENT

Syntax:-
DROP DATABASE databasename;

Example:-

DROP DATABASE testDB;

 SQL CREATE TABLE STATEMENT
Syntax:-
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1
datatype,column2 datatype,column3
datatype,....);
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (PersonID int,LastName
varchar(255), FirstName varchar(255),Address
varchar(255),City varchar(255) );
 SQL DROP TABLE Statement

Syntax:-
DROP TABLE Table_name;

Example:-

DROP TABLE Person;

SQL DELETE ALL TABLE DATA STATEMENT

Syntax:-
TRUNCATE TABLE Table_name;

Example:-

TRUNCATE TABLE Person;

 SQL ALTER TABLE STATEMENT
Syntax:- For add new column in table
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column _name datatype;
Example:-
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD Dob date;
Syntax:- For drop column from table
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
Example:-
ALTER TABLE Persons DROP COLUMN Dob;
 ..SQL ALTER TABLE STATEMENT
Syntax:- For modify column in table
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name
datatype;
Example:-
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN Dob year;
 SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for data
in a table.
Syntax:-
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....);
 ..SQL Constraints

• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL

value
• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE.
Uniquely identifies each row in a table
• FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another
table
• CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a
specific condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value
is specified
• INDEX - Use to create and retrieve data from the database
very quickly
 SQL NOT NULL Constraints
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to
NOT accept NULL values.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons
( ID int NOT NULL,LastName
varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName
varchar(255) NOT NULL,Age int);
 SQL UNIQUE Constraints
The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in
a column are different.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);
 …SQL UNIQUE Constraints
define a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns,
use the following SQL syntax:
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName)
);
..SQL UNIQUE Constraints in ALTER TABLE
Example:- For Create Unique Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD UNIQUE (ID);

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastN
ame);
Example:-For Delete Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT UC_Person;
 SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
• The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a
database table.
• Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain
NULL values.
• A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of single
or multiple fields.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);
 ..SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int,FirstName varchar(255),Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
OR
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int,FirstName varchar(255),Age int,
CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,Last
Name)
);
 ..SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraints on ALTER TABLE

Example:- For Create Primary Key Constraints

ALTER TABLE Persons ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
OR
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CONSTRAINT PKC_Person PRIMARY
KEY (ID,LastName);
Example:-For Delete Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT PKC_Person;
 SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
• A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together.
• A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that
refers to the PRIMARY KEY in another table.
• The table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the
table containing the candidate key is called the referenced or parent
table.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES
Persons(PID)
);
 …SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID int ,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID int,
PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder FOREIGN
KEY (PersonID)REFERENCES Persons(Person
ID)
);
 ..SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraints on ALTER TABLE
Example:- For Create Foreign Key Constraints
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(
PersonID);
OR
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(Pers
onID);
Example:-For Delete Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT FK_Person;
 SQL CHECK Constraint
• The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can
be placed in a column.
• If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows
only certain values for this column.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
Name varchar(255),
Age int CHECK (Age>=18)
);
 ..SQL CHECK Constraint
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int PRIMARY KEY,
Name varchar(255),
Age int,City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT CHK_Person CHECK (Age>=1
8 AND City='Sandnes')
);
 ..SQL CHECK Constraints on ALTER TABLE
Example:- For Create Check Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CHECK (Age>=18);
OR
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_PersonAge CHECK (Age>
=18 AND City='Sandnes');
Example:-For Delete Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT CHK_PersonAge;
 SQL DEFAULT Constraint
• The DEFAULT constraint is used to provide a default
value for a column.
• The default value will be added to all new records IF
no other value is specified.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
Name varchar(255),
Age int,
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes'
);
..SQL DEFAULT Constraints on ALTER TABLE
Example:- For Create Default Constraints
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT ‘BAREILLY';

Example:-For Delete Constraints

ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN City DROP DEFAULT;
 SQL INDEX Constraint
• The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create
indexes in tables.
• Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database
very fast. The users cannot see the indexes, they are
just used to speed up searches/queries.
Example:-for create
CREATE INDEX idx_pname
ON Persons (LastName, FirstName);
Example:-for delete
DROP INDEX table_name.index_name;
 SQL AUTO INCREMENT Field
• Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated
automatically when a new record is inserted into a table.
• Often this is the primary key field that we would like to be
created automatically every time a new record is inserted.
Example:-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);
DML
 SQL INSERT INTO Statement
• The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a
table.
Syntax:- Two method for insert
1.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column
2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
2.
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
 ..SQL INSERT INTO Statement
Example:-
1.
• INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName,
ContactName, Address, City)
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Tom B. Erichsen', 'Skagen
21', 'Stavanger');

2.
• INSERT INTO Customers
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Tom B. Erichsen', 'Skagen
21', 'Stavanger');
 SQL DELETE FROM WHERE Statement
• The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a
table.
Syntax:- Delete record for condition
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Syntax:- Delete all record
DELETE * FROM table_name;
 ..SQL DELETE FROM WHERE Statement
Example:-
1.
DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName='AMIT';
2.
DELETE FROM Customers
 SQL UPDATE SET WHERE Statement
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in
a table.
Syntax:- Update record for condition
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Syntax:- Update all record
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1;
 ..SQL UPDATE SET WHERE Statement
Example:- Update record for condition
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = ‘amit', City= ‘bareilly'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
Example:- Update all record
UPDATE Customers
SET location=‘bareilly';
 SQL SELECT Statement
• The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
• The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
Syntax:- select given column for condition record
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Syntax:- select given column of all record
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
Syntax:- select all column of all record
SELECT * FROM table_name;
 …SQL SELECT Statement
Example:- select given column for condition
record
SELECT id,name
FROM student WHERE city=‘bareilly’;
Example:- select given column of all record
SELECT id, name
FROM student;
Example:- select all column of all record
SELECT * FROM student;
 SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
• The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct
(different) values.
Syntax:-
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:-
SELECT DISTINCT city FROM Customers;
 SQL ORDER BY Keyword
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or
descending order.
Syntax:-
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Example:-
SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country;
OR
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country DESC;
 SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators
• The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators
Syntax:- AND
SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3
...;
Syntax:- OR
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_nameWHERE condition1 OR condition
2 OR condition3 ...;
Syntax:- NOT
SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
 The SQL SELECT TOP Clause
• The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to
return.
Syntax:-
SELECT TOP number|percent column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:-
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers;
SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Customers;
 The SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions
• The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected
column.
• The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected
column.
Syntax:-
SELECT min|max (column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:-
SELECT MIN/MAX(Price) AS SmallestPrice
FROM Products;
SQL COUNT(), AVG() and SUM() Functions
• The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a
specified criteria.
• The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.
• The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.
Syntax:-
SELECT COUNT/AVG/SUM (column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:-
SELECT COUNT(ProductID)FROM Products;
SELECT AVG/SUM(Price)FROM Products;
 The SQL LIKE Operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified
pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
• % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters
• _ - The underscore represents a single character
Syntax:-
SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
Example:-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%';
 The SQL LIKE Operator
LIKE Operator Description

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that starts with "a"

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that ends with "a"

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any
position

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second
position

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%_%' Finds any values that starts with "a" and are
at least 3 characters in length

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that starts with "a" and
ends with "o"
 SQL Wildcard Characters
• A wildcard character is used to substitute any
other character(s) in a string.
• % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or
multiple characters
• _ - The underscore represents a single character
• [charlist] - Defines sets and ranges of characters
to match
• [^charlist] or [!charlist] - Defines sets and ranges
of characters NOT to match
• The wildcards can also be used in combinations!
 SQL Wildcard Characters
Example:-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE 'ber%';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City LIKE '[bsp]%';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City LIKE '[a-c]%';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City NOT LIKE '[bsp]%';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City LIKE '[!bsp]%';
 SQL JOIN
• A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more
tables, based on a related column between them.
• INNER JOIN/JOIN: Returns records that have matching
values in both tables
• LEFT OUTER JOIN/LEFT JOIN: Return all records from the
left table, and the matched records from the right table
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN/RIGHT JOIN: Return all records from
the right table, and the matched records from the left
table
• FULL OUTER JOIN/FULL JOIN: Return all records when
there is a match in either left or right table
 SQL JOIN SYNTAX
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
INNER JOIN/JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_na
me;
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 LEFT JOIN/LEFT OUTER
JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN/RIGHT OUTER

JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 FULL JOIN/FULL OUTER

JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 T1, table1 T2

WHERE condition;
 The SQL GROUP BY Statement
• The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions
(COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or
more columns.
Syntax:-
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE condition GROUP BY column_name(s)
Example:-
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country;
 SQL HAVING Clause
• The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword
could not be used with aggregate functions.
Syntax:-
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name(s) HAVING condition
Example:-
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
 The SQL IN Operator
• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
• The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.
Syntax:-
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN/NOT IN (value1, value2, ...);

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

WHERE column_name IN/NOT IN (SELECT STATEMENT);
Example:-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country IN (SELECT Country FROM Suppliers);
 SQL HAVING Clause
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values
can be numbers, text, or dates.
• The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are included.
Syntax:-
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value
2;
Example:-
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price NOT BETWEEN/BETWEEN 10 AND 20;