Standards and Specification

Standards and Specifications
Specifications
• Set of requirement to be satisfied by a material, process or

system or service.
• Requirements must be met for the specifications to be
satisfied. Specifications describe requirements
• Specific terms and numerical values with measurement
units are listed.
• More specific than standards but reflect standards
• Acceptable limits for materials in terms of dimensional
change, color change, staining and wrinkling and for
products in terms of appearance of seams and collars
• Two important elements:
• Minimum: least or lowest acceptable value e.g. 350 cycles
abrasion value
• Tolerances: describes the range of acceptable values-
describe allowable deviations from specified values (but
can get accumulated or stock up in a product)
Benefits
• Specifications need to be appropriate to target market

• Specifications describe the product in very detailed terms
• Used to negotiate bids and contracts
• Use to purchase materials
• Describe the nature of characteristics of the material, its
desired quality level and expected performance
• Used to communicate product requirement
• Used to advertise their product lines and services .
Types of specifications
Open
• Allows consideration of multiple vendors
• Includes a description of the character
• Performance desired in the product or material to be
purchased
• Describes what is wanted
• Can include general information or very specific
information
• Sourcing agents work with open specifications
• 100% polyester, 2.0 denier, delustered , crimpled
&1.25inches in length
Closed :
• Specifies the exact material, component
• Used for production purposes
• Pricing and for items that must incorporate specific
materials
• Style nos, trade names , Dacron polyester with type no
(only Du Pont produces Dacron)
1) Target
Relate to understanding the company in terms of product
type, price point and target market needs and expectations
2) Functional:
• Relate to performance requirements
• Recognize consumer expectations
• Several laws and regulations incorporate functional
specifications that must be met
3) Product:
• Elements related to production
• Aspects related to quality
4) Material:
• Identification of the characteristics of each material with
functions or performance aspects
• Focus is on assessing the materials , not on assessing the
entire product
5) Process Specifications:
• All Processes including pattern making , spreading , cutting ,
sewing , finishing etc.
6) Inspection Specifications :
• In process Inspection
• Final inspection
• Acceptance Inspection
7) Test Specifications:
• May be incorporated with functional and materials
specifications
• Procedures to follow in evaluating the process or the product
before, during or after production.
8) Acceptance Specifications;
• Frequency , type and location of defects
• Addresses aspects related to appearances, performances,
labeling and packaging
9) Installation Specifications;
• Installation of home furnishings and industrial products
• Type of carpet padding, hanging of draperies and wall
coverings
10)Use Specifications;
• Often included industrial products
• May not be for apparel industry
• Instructions for using textile products generally relate to safety
and health issues
11) Maintenance Specifications:

• Relate to furnishings and industrial products
• Carpets, upholstery often include maintenance.
12) Disposal Specifications:
• Packaging materials used with Textile products (carpets made
of 100% recyclable materials)
13) Procurement Specifications :

• Growing area for textiles (Catalog Retailers)
Standards
• The purpose of Standards and Specifications is to
incorporate the desired quality into the products that are
produced based on these documents and requirements
• Standards are a set of characteristics or procedures that
provide a basis for resource and Production Decisions
• Standardization is the process of developing and applying
rules for a consistent and uniform approach to a specific
activity for the benefit and with the cooperation of all
concerned
Significance
• Aids for Communication and Trade.

• Used in defining weights and measures
• Standards are used to set forth practices and expectations
on the field
• Describe characteristics of a product in a precise and
consistent fashion
• Help describe a minimum level of performance and a
minimum level of safety
• Facilitate Commercial Communication.
• Production efficiency is enhanced by standardization of
parts, processes, and products because it enables
economies of scale in production
• Standardization allows for enhanced competition
• Standards are used to protect health and environmental

Quality and promote safety e.g Federal Laws have defined
acceptable Flammability performance standards for
selected Textile Products
Developing Standards
• Developed with the cooperation of various interest groups,

such as Producers, Suppliers, manufacturers , government
agencies and consumers
• Standards with in an Industry reflect a consensus of

opinion among the interested parties about procedure,
application, analysis and related factors.
• They are examined , evaluated, and revised many times

before they are acceptable to all groups
• Periodic review, modifications, and revisions reflect
changes in approaches, related procedures or documents ,
Instrumentation and customer expectations
Types of Standards
Company Standards
• Reflect a consensus among employees for products or
services provided.
• Used throughout the company in Product Development,
Production, Purchasing, and Quality Assurance.
• Describe general characteristics or features of a product or
service or a required level of performance
• Often include fabric characteristics, materials used in the
product, fit of the product, and production methods used to
make the product.
Industry Standards
• Reflect consensus among many companies in an industry

or among individual members of a profession.
• Industry standards are not common in the Textile Industry
in terms of Product performance.
• Standards are much more common in terms of materials
e.g Jersey
Voluntary Standards
• Allow individuals or companies to determine on their own

whether to adopt a standard.
• No organization or group forces adoption of these
standards
• Voluntary standards may become incorporated into laws,
regulations or contracts.
Mandatory standards
• Adoption is required generally by a law or regulation

• Most mandatory standards relate to safety or health issues
International Standards
• Majority of the products or services conform to the same

standard regardless of where a product was produced or a
service was performed.
• An agreement has been reached by the various Companies,
Organizations, and Governments involved.
The Goal of International Standardization is to enhance
product quality and reliability at reasonable price
• Improve health and safety and environmental protection
• Reduce hazards
• Produce greater compatibility of goods and services
• Simplify and improve product and service usability and
increase distribution efficiency
American Association of Textile Chemists
and Colorists(AATCC)
• Found in 1921
• Focuses on the Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles
• World’s largest association devoted to Textile chemistry
and the wet processing industry
• More than 7500 members from 63 countries
• It develops Internationally recognized standard test
methods used by the industry, governments, researches and
others.
• It develops procedures to assess the characteristics of
materials and their performance in the areas of wet
processing , dyeing, care , biological properties and other
related factors .
• It publishes Textile Chemist and Colorist
• AATCC and the The Society of Dyers and Colorists
collaborate in publishing the Colour Index
American Society for Testing and Materials
• ASTM is the world’s largest nongovernmental standards

writing body
• Estd in 1898, apart from textiles it caters to medical
devices , building materials and water and environmental
techniques it is one of the oldest professional organizations
in the US
• Consists of more than 130 technical Committees, more
than 12,000 standards ,ASTM Committee D- 13 focuses on
Textiles.
• It publishes an Annual book of Standards of one or more
volumes for each of its 16 major interest areas.
• ASTM Procedures are used to identify physical

characteristics and assess performance related to physical
mechanical procedures
• ASTM develops Full Consensus Standards They include

the participation and consensus of all who have a stake in
the usage and development of standards
• It does not have any Certification Program but standards

sometimes are used in certifying products .
ANSI
• Federation of many organizations, agencies and groups ,

coordinates all national voluntary agencies that develop
Standards
• Has an Accredited Certification Program
• Relate to health and safety issues as strength of structural
steel components used in bridges and buildings
• Very few textile products go through a professional
certification program such as that offered by ANSI
British Standards Institute
• National standards body of UK
• Pioneers in standard development
• ISO9000 was previously known as BS5750
• Responsible for facilitation,drafting,publishing, and
marketing British standards and other guidelines
• Environmental Management Standards – ISO 14001
• Health and Safety- OHSAS 18000
• Information Security Management- ISO 27001 Prev
BS7799)
American Society for Quality
• Formerly known as ASQC

• Organization of Professionals work to improve the Quality
of manufactured goods, services and related factors
• Developed a professional Code of Ethics
• 15 divisions
• Quality Progress – monthly Journal include articles on
Quality Methods and important quality issues
American Apparel Manufacturer Association
•Deals with issues of interest to the Sewn Product Industry

•AAMA holds annual Trade Meeting called its Bobbin Show
Textile/Clothing Technical Corporation( TC2)
• Estd in 1981 and currently has more than 185 members

• Focus on improving the Sewn Products Industry in the US
• Work with manufacturers to develop new processes,
equipments and implementation procedures
Bureau of Indian Standards
• Product Certification Scheme

• Voluntary standards
• Certification mark is ISI- standard mark popular for more
than 40 years – conformity to specifications for India
• Regular surveillance of Licensee’s Performance – Surprise
Inspections and Testing of samples
• Till date granted more than 30,000 licenses
• Caters to all Industry disciplines
• Third party certification System
• All BIS certification is done as Indian Standards

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Standards and Specifications

• Set of requirement to be satisfied by a material, process or

• Specifications need to be appropriate to target market

11) Maintenance Specifications:

13) Procurement Specifications :

• Aids for Communication and Trade.

• Standardization allows for enhanced competition

• Standards are used to protect health and environmental

• Developed with the cooperation of various interest groups,

• Standards with in an Industry reflect a consensus of

• They are examined , evaluated, and revised many times

• Reflect consensus among many companies in an industry

• Allow individuals or companies to determine on their own

• Adoption is required generally by a law or regulation

• Majority of the products or services conform to the same

• ASTM is the world’s largest nongovernmental standards

• ASTM Procedures are used to identify physical

• ASTM develops Full Consensus Standards They include

• It does not have any Certification Program but standards

• Federation of many organizations, agencies and groups ,

• Formerly known as ASQC

•Deals with issues of interest to the Sewn Product Industry

• Estd in 1981 and currently has more than 185 members

• Product Certification Scheme

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