Basic Call Progress & Switching in The Central Office: Betiles, Anthony L

Basic Call Progress
&
Switching In The Central
Office
Betiles, Anthony L.
BASIC CALL PROGRESS
• The progress of a telephone call with

loop-start signaling in place can be
divided into five phases; on-hook, off-
hook, dialing, switching, ringing, and
talking.
When the handset rests on the cradle, the circuit
is on-hook. In other words, before a phone call is
initiated, the telephone set is in a ready condition
waiting for a caller to pick up its handset.
The off-hook phase occurs when the telephone
customer decides to make a phone call and lifts
the handset from the telephone cradle
The dialing phase allows the customer to enter a
phone number (address) of a telephone at
another location. The customer enters this number
with either a rotary phone that generates pulses or
a touch-tone (push-button) phone that generates
tones.
In the switching phase, the CO switch
translates the pulses or tones into a port
address that connects to the telephone set
of the called party.
Once the CO switch connects to the called
line, the switch sends a 20-Hz 90V signal to
this line. This signal rings the phone of the
called party.
In the talking phase, the called party hears the
phone ringing and decides to answer. As soon as
the called party lifts the handset, an off-hook
phase starts again, this time on the opposite end
of the network
The standard way to transport voice between two
telephone sets is to use tip and ring lines. Tip and
ring lines are the twisted pair of wires that connect
to your phone by way of an RJ-11 connector.
SWITCHING IN THE CENTRAL
OFFICE
Central Office …………….
• A central office, in telecommunications, is a

building to which subscriber home and business
lines are connected on a local loop. This office has
telephone switches to switch calls locally or to a
long-distance carrier office.
• The term "central office" was coined from the early
days of telephony. Right after the introduction of
the telephone in 1878, subscribers had to "ring" the
office to solicit an operator to complete the call.
EQUIPMENT IN CENTRAL
OFFICE
• Cabling
• Distribution frame
• Multiplexors
• Exchanges
• Electrical power and backup power
MANUAL TELEPHONE
SWITCHING
AUTOMATED TELEPHONE
EXCHANGE
MODERN/DIGITAL
SWITCHES
MAX DISTANCE OF
CABLE?
• when the signal travels over cable, it gets

attenuated. therefore, there is a maximum limit of
local loop distance (around 3-4 km), which defines
a coverage area of a central office.
PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE
(PBX)
• A PBX (private branch exchange) is a telephone

system within an enterprise that switches calls
between enterprise users on local lines while
allowing all users to share a certain number of
external phone lines. The main purpose of a PBX is
to save the cost of requiring a line for each user to
the telephone company's central office.
MULTIPLEXING IN
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
• Multiplexing is a form of data transmission in which

one communication channel carries several
transmissions at the same time. The telephone lines
that carry our daily conversations can carry
thousands or even more of conversations at a time
using multiplexing concept.
MULTIPLEXING SCHEMES CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO TWO BASIC
CATEGORIES:
• Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM
• Time Division Multiplexing TDM

FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
• The technique used to divide the bandwidth

available in a physical medium into a number of
smaller independent logical channels with each
channel having a small bandwidth. The method of
using a number of carrier frequencies each of
which is modulated by an independent speech
signal is in fact frequency division multiplexing.
ADVANTAGES OF FDM
• Here user can be added to the system by simply

adding another pair of transmitter modulator and
receiver demodulators.
• FDM system support full duplex information flow
which is required by most of application.
• Noise problem for analog communication has
lesser effect.
DISADVANTAGES OF FDM
• In FDM system, the initial cost is high. This may

include the cable between the two ends and the
associated connectors for the cable.
• In FDM system, a problem for one user can
sometimes affect others.
• In FDM system, each user requires a precise carrier
frequency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(TDM)
• another popular method of utilizing the capacity

of a physical channel effectively. Each user of the
channel is allotted a small time interval during
which is may transmit a message. Thus the total
time available in the channel is divided and each
user is allocated a time slice. In TDM, user send
message sequentially one after another.
ADVANTAGES OF TDM
• It uses a single links

• It does not require precise carrier matching at
both end of the links.
• Use of capacity is high.
• Each to expand the number of users on a system
at a low cost.
• There is no need to include identification of the
traffic stream on each packet.
DISADVANTAGES OF TDM
• The sensitivity to other user problem is high

• Initial cost is high
• Technical complexity is more
• The noise problem for analog communication has
greater effect.
QUESTIONS:
Central offices are connected
by:
a. local loops
b. trunk lines
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
The cable used for local loops
is mainly:
a. twisted-pair copper wire

b. shielded twisted-pair copper wire
c. coaxial cable
d. fiber-optic
The typical voltage across a
telephone when on-hook is:
a. 48 volts DC
b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC
c. 90 volts DC
d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC
PSTN stands for:
a. Public Switched Telephone Network

b. Private Switched Telephone Network
c. Primary Service Telephone Network
d. Primary Service Telephone Numbers
A local telephone network is an
example of a _______ network.
a. Packet-switched
b. Message-switched
c. Circuit-switched
d. None of the above

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Basic Call Progress

• The progress of a telephone call with

• A central office, in telecommunications, is a

• when the signal travels over cable, it gets

• A PBX (private branch exchange) is a telephone

• Multiplexing is a form of data transmission in which

• Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM

• Time Division Multiplexing TDM

• The technique used to divide the bandwidth

• Here user can be added to the system by simply

• In FDM system, the initial cost is high. This may

• another popular method of utilizing the capacity

• It uses a single links

• The sensitivity to other user problem is high

a. twisted-pair copper wire

a. Public Switched Telephone Network

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