BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAm

LIMITED (BSNL)
UNNAO ,UTTAR PRADESH

A Training Report by
GAURAV SINGH
ECE-7421
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to the following people, without
their help and support the purpose of training can not be accomplished.
 Mr. D.K.Sharma,sub divisional officer, EWSD TAX Exchange, BSNL,
Unnao,Uttar Pradesh.
 Mr. Sunil Bellani,junior telecomm. officer,EWSD TAX Exchange, BSNL,
Unnao, Uttar Pradesh.
 Mrs. Chitra, Junior telecomm. officer, C-DOT Exchange, BSNL,Unnao, Uttar
Pradesh.
 Mr. Ashok Bhatiya,telecomm. technical assistant,transmission
department, BSNL,Unnao,Uttar Pradesh.
 Mr. Sachin Diwedi and Gaurav Diwedi, call center operators,BSNL,
Unnao,Uttar Pradesh.
 Mr. Vibhav Nigam, operator in the exchange,BSNL,Unnao, Uttar Pradesh.
 Contents:
1) Telephone Exchange an introduction
2) History of Telephone Exchange
3) How Exchange Works
4) Revolutionary changes in the working way of telephone
exchanges
5) Manual Service Exchange
6) Automatic Exchange
7) Units of Exchange
8) Telephone System
9) Broadband and its Working
10) Pictorial presentation of set up of Broadband
11) An Introduction of GSM and its working
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
AN INTRODUCTION
In the field of telecommunication, a telephone exchange
or telephone switch is a system of electronic components
that connects telephone calls. A central office is the
physical building used to house inside plant equipment
including telephone switches, which make telephone calls
"work" in the sense of making connections and relaying
the speech information.
A PICTURE OF SWITCHBOARD
HOW EXCHANGE WORKS?

 When a calling party lifted the receiver, a signal lamp

near the jack would light.

 The operator would plug one of the cords into the

subscriber's jack and switch her headset into the circuit
to ask, "number please?“

 Depending upon the answer, the operator might plug the

other cord of the pair (the "ringing cord") into the called
party's local jack and start the ringing cycle.
MANUAL SERVICE EXCHANGE
 With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-
hook and asks the operator to connect the call to a
requested number.

 The operator connects the call by plugging into the jack on

the switchboard.

 If the call is to another central office, the operator plugs

into the trunk for the other office.
 Most urban exchanges were common-battery. In common
battery systems, the pair of wires from a subscriber's
telephone to the switch (or manual exchange) carry
-48VDC (nominal) from the telephone company end,
across the conductors.

 The telephone presents an open circuit when it is on-hook

or idle. When the subscriber goes off-hook, the telephone
puts a DC resistance.

 The buzzer and lamp would tell an operator the subscriber

was off-hook (requesting service).
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGES
 Automatic exchanges, or dial service, came into
existence in the early 1900’s.

 Before the exchanges became automated,

operators had to complete the connections
required for a telephone call.
A telephone switch is the brains of an automatic
exchange. It is a device for routing calls from one
telephone to another, generally as part of the public
switched telephone network(PSTN).

The local exchange automatically senses an off hook

telephone condition, provides dial tone to that phone,
receives the pulses or tones generated by the phone, and
then completes a connection to the called phone within
the same exchange or to another distant exchange.
 The exchange then maintains the connection until a party
hangs up, and the connection is disconnected. This tracking
of a connection's status is called supervision.
 Additional features, such as billing equipment, may also be
incorporated into the exchange.

 In Bell System dial service, a feature called automatic

number identification (ANI) was implemented .

 In manual service, the operator knows where a call is

originating by the light on the switchboard's jack field. In
early dial service, ANI did not exist. Long distance calls
would go to an operator queue and the operator would ask
the calling party's number, then write it on a paper toll
ticket.
 A PICTURE OF
DIGITAL EXCHANGE
Units of an exchange
 Computer Unit : It deals with additional services of the
exchange to the customer with the help of computers.

 Power Plant: It feed proper power supply to exchange.

In EWSD and C-COT Exchange -48 volt (D.C) is supplied.

 AC Plant: to maintain the continuous 24 degree Celsius

to the digital switch (exchange).

 Main Distribution Frame (MDF): to connect digital

switch (exchange) with the external environment
(subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers
and exchange.

 Antenna: It is an important part of exchange that

maintains the signals for communication.
AN INTRODUCTION
OF
TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
 TELEPHONE SYSTEM

 The telephone ,commonly referred to as a phone, is a

telecommunications device that transmits and
receives sound most commonly the human voice.

 Telephones are a point-to-point communication

system.
 The device uses a microphone in the handset to convert the sound waves
to electrical signals, which are sent through the telephone network to the
other phone, where they are converted back to sound waves by an
earphone in the handset.

 The telephone network, consisting of a worldwide net of telephone lines,

microwave transmission, cellular networks, communications satellites,
and undersea telephone cables connected by switching centre, allows any
telephone in the world to communicate with any other.

 Each telephone line has an identifying number called its telephone

number. In order to initiate a telephone call, a conversation with another
telephone, the user enters the other telephone's number into a numeric
keypad on his phone.
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ITS WORKING
 A traditional landline telephone system, also known as
“plain old telephone service" (POTS), commonly
handles both signalling and audio information on the
same twisted pair of insulated wires.

 This system has been adapted for data communication

such as Telex, Fax and dial-up Internet communication.

 A twisted pair line is preferred as it is more effective at

rejecting electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
crosstalk than an untwisted pair.
 The telephone consists of an alerting device, usually a
ringer.
 A calling party wishing to speak to another party
makes the phone into active state.
 The exchange indicates its readiness by sending a dial
tone.
 The calling party then presses the number buttons in a
sequence corresponding to the telephone number of
the called party.
 Then DTMF tones are produced which end up at a
circuit at the exchange.
 An intermittent ringing signal is sent to alert the called
party to an incoming call.
 If the called party's line is active, the exchange sends a
busy signal to the calling party.
 However, if the called party's line is active but has call
waiting installed, the exchange sends an intermittent
audible tone to the called party to indicate an
incoming call.
AN INTRODUCTION
OF
BROADBAND
TECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS BROADBAND?
In telecomm.: In telecomm. it refers to a signalling method
that includes a relatively wide band of frequencies, which may
be divided into channels. The wider the bandwidth, the greater
the information-carrying capacity.

In data comm.: In data comm. it refers to broadband networks

or broadband Internet but here data transmission over a fibre
optic cable would be referred to as broadband as compared to
a telephone modem operating at 56,000 bits per sec.

 TECHNICALLY WE CAN CALL BROADBAND IS A HIGH SPEED INTERNET

SERVICE.
HOW THE BROADBAND WORKS?
 As broadband is the high speed internet providing
service. It is provided with the help of various
equipments to its subscribers. The main
components used in providing broadband are …
 1) DSLAM
 2) ADSL
 3) MDF
 4) SPLITTER
 5) ROSSETE
DSLAM:
 DSLAM is the abbreviation of DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE ACCESS
MULTIPLEXER.

 A DSLAM is a multiplexer located in the telephone company exchange that

provides consumers access to DSL services over twisted pair copper cabling.
The device separates the voice and data components from the subscriber
lines and aggregates the data for sending over the network.

ADSL:
 ADSL i.e. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line is one form of data
communications technology that enables faster data transmission over
copper telephone lines

 ADSL can generally only be distributed over short distances from the central
office, typically less than 4 km.
MDF:
 MDF i.e. main distribution frame (MDF) is a
distribution frame on one part of which the external trunk
cables entering a facility terminate, and on another part of
which the internal user subscriber lines and trunk cabling
to any intermediate distribution frames terminate. The
MDF is used to cross-connect any outside line with any
desired terminal of the multiple cabling or any other
outside line.

 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices and

functions as a test point between a line and the office.
 An Splitter is a device which is placed along the telephone
SPLITTER:
system in order to separate the voice signals and data signals.
By using splitters in the telephone system both the voice
and data signals are made available for the users.

ROSSETTE:
A Rossette is a device which is used along the phone
system in order to remove the noise and interference signals
which affects the signal properties.
It also takes care of voltage variations in the phone
system.
SET UP OF BROADBAND –
A PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
INTERNET BROADBAND MPLS –NOC, BB-NOC (BANGALORE)

MPS –NOS

BB-NOS
DIFFERENT TYPE OF SERVERS
(BANGLORE)

REMOTE ACCESS SERVER (RAS) NOIDA

BROAD BANDNETWORK BROAD BAND NETWORK BROAD BAND NETWORK

GATEWAY (BNG) KANPUR GATEWAY
GATEWAY
BNG (KANPUR)

OTHER CITY LOCAL

OTHER CITY LOCAL OTHER CITY LOCAL
AREA NETWORK (LAN)
AREA NETWORK (LAN) AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A
 A

DIGITAL SUBSRIBER LINE

DSLAM DSLAM DSLAM DSLAM
ACCESS MULTIPLEXER (DSLAM)

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)

DIGITAL SYMMETRIC LINE (CU PAIRS)

SPLITTER

ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL) ROSSETE

TELEPHONE
PERSONAL COMPUTER
 AN INTRODUCTION
OF
GLOBAL SERVICES FOR
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
(GSM)
 GSM Network Structure
OMC

MSC/VLR

BSC
E
BIE
Abi A PSTN
BTS s MSC/VLR ISDN
BSS PSPDN

C
Um F H
HLR/
AUC EIR SC/VM
MS

MSS

29
 Mobile Station
( MS )
Equipment used by mobile service
subscribers for access to services.

Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one
subscriber. A subscriber is identified
with the SIM card.

30
 GSM Network Entity
Base Transceiver Station
( BTS )
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Wireless transmission
Wireless diversity
Wireless channel encryption
Conversion between wired and wireless signals

 Base Band Unit:

voice and data speed adapting and channel coding
RF Unit:
modulating/demodulating,transmitter and receiver
Common Control Unit:
BTS operation and maintenance
31
 GSM Network
Base Station Entity
Controller
( BSC )

Managing Wireless network-BSS

Monitoring BTS

Controls:
Wireless link distribution between MS and BTS
Communication connection and disconnection
MS location, handover
Voice encoding, transcoding (TC)
The operation and maintenance functions of BSS.

32
 GSM Network Entity
Mobile Service Switching Center
( MSC )

holds all the switching functions

manages the necessary radio resources,
updating the location registration
carrying out the inter-BSC and inter-MSC tender

Inter-working with other networks (IWF).

33
 GSM Network Entity
Home Location Register
( HLR )
Manages the mobile subscribers database

 subscriber information

 part of the mobile location information

 3 identities essential
the International Mobile subscriber Identity
the Mobile station ISDN (Integrated services
digital Number)
34 the VLR address
 Visitor Location Register
( VLR )
GSM Network Entity
dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle
incoming/outgoing calls

Mobile Station Roaming Number

When a roaming mobile enters an MSC area. This
MSC warns the associated VLR of this situation; the
mobile enters a registration procedure through
which it is assigned a mobile subscriber roaming
number (MSRN)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, if applicable

The location area in which the mobile has been
registered
35 Data related to supplementary service parameters
 GSM Network Entity
AUC/EIR
Authentication Center(s) (AUC)

Providing the authentication key used for

authorizing the subscriber access to the associated
GSM PLMN.

Equipment Identity Register(s) (EIR)

Handling Mobile Station Equipment Identity

36
 Frequency Resource

GSM900 : EGSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz up: 880~890MHz
down: 935~960MHz down: 925~935MHz
bandwidth: 10MHz ，
bandwidth: 25MHz ，
frequency interval: 200KHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM 1900MHz:
GSM 1800 : up:1850~1910MHz
up: 1710-1785MHz down:1930~1990MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz bandwidth: 60MHz ，
bandwidth: 75MHz ， frequency interval: 200KHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
37
THANK
YOU