BY Prof. (DR.) A.K.Pathak Indian School of Mines Dhanbad: E-Mail: Akhilendra - Pathak@yahoo - Co.in

LECTURE 1
WELL PLANNING STEPS AND OPERATIONS
BY
PROF.(DR.) A.K.PATHAK
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES
DHANBAD
E-mail: [email protected]
Safe Drilling Practices to prevent
Future Hazards needs PLANNING 4
Types of Wells
 Wild Cat - First well tried in the field without any
knowledge of the geological formations and nature
of the fluid.
 Exploratory Wells - With the information obtained
after drilling a Wild Cat, further exploration of the
field by drilling more wells.
 Development Wells - Well drilled with fixed and
known reservoir boundary.
 Re-Entry Wells - Drilled for the Correction of well
profile
5
Other wells
 1. Injection wells.
 2. Production wells.
 3. Fire fighting wells.
 4. Tester wells.
 5. Vertical wells.
 6. Directional wells.
 7. Horizontal wells.
 8. Monitor wells.
 9. Relief wells.
 10. Dead wells.
6
Objectives of Well Planning
 Safety
 Safety of the crew members
 Safety of the well
 Minimizing the risk of blowouts
 Minimum Cost
 Planning plays an important role
 Usable hole
 Diameter should be sufficient
 Damage should not be irreparable
7
Requirements
 Target Location and Analysis
 Formation Characteristics
 Well Lithology
 Methods of Drilling
 Drilling Fluid & Cements Properties
 Reservoir Fluid Characteristics
 Mechanical Characteristics & Drill ability
8
1. Fluid Properties
 Amount
 Volume of Fluid = Area * h * Φ
 Type
 Oil, Water, Gas
 Oil with Gas, Oil with Water
 Temperature
 Tf = 0.015D + 85 degree F
 Pressure
Ph = 0.052 x m x D
0.052 = (0.433/8.33) = Pr. Grad.Constt.
9
Pressure Gradients
 Water: 0.433 psi/ft.
 Fracture Pressure: 0.7 psi/ft. (common)
 Over-burdon Pressure: 1.0 psi/ft. (Common)
10
Fluid Pressure Criterion
 Normal Reservoirs:
Pore Pressure gradient 0.4 – 0.7 psi/ft.
Abnormal Reservoirs:
Pore Pressure gradient > 0.7 psi/ft
Sub-normal reservoirs:
Pore Pressure gradient < 0.4 psi/ft
11
Important Well Pressures
 1. Geological Pressures
 i. Over-burden Pressure.
 ii. Fracture Pressure.
2. Fluid Pressures
i. Formation pressure or Pore Pressure.
ii. Hydrostatic Pressure
iii. Injection Pressure.
3. Well Pressures
i. Wellhead pressure
ii. Bottom hole Pressure
4. Reservoir Pressure
12
Source of Formation Pressure
 1. Testing data of previously drilled wells.
 2. averaging pressure contours.
 3. reserve estimation
 4. generalized hydraulics idea.
13
Pressure balance
 Hydrostatic Pressure>Formation Pressure
 Hydrostatic Pressure<Fracture Pressure
14
15
16
17
18
2. Method of drilling
 Rotary Drilling
 Top Drive Drilling
 Bottom Drive Drilling
 Cable tool Drilling
19
20
21
Cable tool drilling
22
Rotary Drilling
23
Formation Characteristics
Permeability
Physical Condition
Formation
Boundaries
Porosity
24
3.Lithology of the Well
 Surface Soil
 Aquifer Rock position
 Fractured & Fissured Rock Position
 Pay Zone Condition
 Identification of Gas Traps
 Geological Distribution Down the Surface
 Presence of Natural Sand Domes
 Formation Dip Angle
25
4. Mechanical Characteristics
 Compressive Strength of Rock Layers
 Fracture Pressure Gradient
 Stress Failure Characteristics
 Mohr Circle Analysis
 Drill
ability of the Rock
 Rock Consolidation
 Tensile Strength of the Rock
26
Casing Program of the Well
 Casing – A Cylindrical
Seamless pipe with
both joints threaded
No seamed pipe can be

used in Oil Well
Technology
27
Functions of Casing
Protection of fresh water formation
Isolate a zone of lost Circulation
Isolate a separate Formation
Prevention of Formation wall to Cave in

Pressure control
Prevents cross flow of Formation Fluid
Securing Surface Equipment & Down

Hole Production Equipment 28
Casing Program of the Well
Types of Casing
Conductor casing
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing
Production Casing
Liner
29
Consideration of Casing Selection
 Surface Soil Conditions: Conductor casing

 Location of Aquifer: Surface casing
 Location of fractured formation: Intermediate casing
 Pay-zone condition: Production casing
 Casing Considerations
 Collapse Pressure > Hydrostatic Pressure
 Burst Pressure > Formation Pressure
 Joint Strength > Axial Load
 Yield Stress > Axial Stress
30
API CASING BIT SIZE PROGRAMME
Casing OD Coupling OD Drift Min Clearance Min. Hole Size Min Bit Size
4½ 5.000 3.701 1.000 6.000 6

5 5.563 4.283 1.250 6.833 7
5½ 6.050 4.545 1.250 7.300 7 3/8
6 5/8 7.380 5.550 1.750 9.140 9½
7 7.656 5.785 2.000 9.656 9¾
7 5/8 8.500 6.500 2.500 11.000 11
8 5/8 9.625 7.386 3.000 12.625 12 ¾
9 5/8 10.625 8.379 3.250 13.875 14 ¾
10 ¾ 11.750 9.404 3.250 15.000 15
11 ¾ 12.750 10.616 3.500 17.875 18
13 3/8 14.375 12.791 3.500 17.875 18
16 17.000 14.822 3.500 20.500 20 ¾
18 5/8 19.500 16.000 3.500 23.000 23
20 21.000 18.936 3.500 24.500 25 ½
31
24 25.500 21.250 3.500 29.000 29
32
Model Casing Program
33
Casing Design Parameters
 Hydrostatic Pressure>Formation Pressure
 Hydrostatic Pressure<Fracture Pressure
 Differential pressure sticking conditions
 Projected formation pressure and fracture
gradients
 Mud weight required to control
 Actual formation pressure
 Weight increase due to swab and surge
 Maintaining Safety factor considerations
34
Concept of EMW
 (EMW) P (ppg) = P(psi) / 0.052 X D (ft)
 Pressure balance criteria during drilling
 Ph = Pf + (100 – 200 psi)
35
MUD PLANNING
 (EMW) Pfrac > (EMW) Ph > (EMW) Pf
 (EMW) Ph = (EMW) Pf + 0.8 ppg
 0.3 ppg for Swabbing and Surge margin

 0.3 ppg for Trip margin
 0.2 safety margin
36
37
Casing Setting Depth & Mud Planning
Design a Well Casing program and Mud planning of 5 ½ inch
Production Casing well using following data.
Depth (ft) EMW(PPG) Depth (ft.) EMW(PPG)
1000 9.0 12000 11.3

2000 9.0 12500 13.4
3000 9.0 13000 14.3
4000 9.0 14000 15.7
5000 9.0 15000 16.0
6000 9.0 16000 16.7
7000 9.0 17000 17.0
8000 9.0 18000 17.2
9000 9.0
10000 9.0
38
39
40
41
42
GTO
• Geo Technical Order
• Report given to driller
• Tabular form of planned schedule
• Geological Schedule
• Technical data
• Time schedule
43
Geological Data
• Mud Parameters
– Specific gravity
– Viscosity
– Filtration/cc
– Static flow stress
– Percentage of sand
– pH
44
Technical Data
• Casing
– Casing policy
– Rise of cement
• Bit
– Type & Size of Bit
– Expected no. of bits
– Meterage per bit
– Wt. on bit
– RPM of rotary table
45
Technical Data
• Drilling Policy
– Discharge of pump
– Pressure in Sand pipe
– Pump
– Liner
– SPM
– Reeving of casing line
46
47
48
49
Spudding in
• "Spudding in," or to "spud" a well, means
to begin drilling operations.
• The drill string, consisting of a drill bit,
drill collars, drill pipe, and kelly, is
assembled and lowered into the conductor
pipe.
• Drilling fluid is circulated through the kelly
and the drill string.
• The swivel device enables drilling mud to
be circulated while the kelly and drill
string are rotated
50
Well Heads for flowing wells
and pumping wells
51
THANK YOU
52

BY Prof. (DR.) A.K.Pathak Indian School of Mines Dhanbad: E-Mail: Akhilendra - Pathak@yahoo - Co.in

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What are the different types of wells discussed?

What are the different types of wells discussed?

What are the objectives of well planning?

What are the objectives of well planning?

LECTURE 1

WELL PLANNING STEPS AND OPERATIONS

 Oil with Gas, Oil with Water

 Fracture Pressure: 0.7 psi/ft. (common)

 Over-burdon Pressure: 1.0 psi/ft. (Common)

 Hydrostatic Pressure>Formation Pressure

 Hydrostatic Pressure<Fracture Pressure

 Cable tool Drilling

No seamed pipe can be

Isolate a zone of lost Circulation

Isolate a separate Formation

Prevention of Formation wall to Cave in

Prevents cross flow of Formation Fluid

Securing Surface Equipment & Down

 Surface Soil Conditions: Conductor casing

 Burst Pressure > Formation Pressure

 Joint Strength > Axial Load

 Yield Stress > Axial Stress

4½ 5.000 3.701 1.000 6.000 6

 Pressure balance criteria during drilling

 Ph = Pf + (100 – 200 psi)

 (EMW) Ph = (EMW) Pf + 0.8 ppg

 0.3 ppg for Swabbing and Surge margin

Depth (ft) EMW(PPG) Depth (ft.) EMW(PPG)

1000 9.0 12000 11.3

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