Ch. 8 Switching Features and Technologies For Campus Networks
Ch. 8 Switching Features and Technologies For Campus Networks
Ch. 8 Switching Features and Technologies For Campus Networks
3
Chapter 8 Switching Features and
Technologies for the Campus Network
IP SLA 374
Introduction to IP SLA 375
IP SLA Source and Responder 377
IP SLA Configuration 377
IP SLA Operation with Responder 379
IP SLA Time Stamps 381
Configuring Authentication for IP SLA 382
IP SLA Example for UDP Jitter 383
4
Discovery Protocols
Version :
Cisco IOS Software, C1900 Software (C1900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.4(3)M2,
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2015 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 06-Feb-15 17:01 by prod_rel_team
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: full
Power Available TLV:
S1#
show cdp neighbors Command
R1# sho cdp neighbors
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone,
D - Remote, C - CVTA, M - Two-port Mac Relay
Version :
Cisco IOS Software, C2960 Software (C2960-LANBASEK9-M), Version 15.0(2)SE7,
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2014 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Thu 23-Oct-14 14:49 by prod_rel_team
advertisement version: 2
Protocol Hello: OUI=0x00000C, Protocol ID=0x0112; payload len=27,
value=00000000FFFFFFFF010221FF0000000000000CD996E23D00FF0000
VTP Management Domain: ''
Native VLAN: 1
Duplex: full
R1#
R1# show lldp neighbors detail
Verifying LLDP on
------------------------------------------------
Local Intf: Gi0/1
Chassis id: 0cd9.96e2.3d00 a Router
Port id: Fa0/5
Port Description: FastEthernet0/5
System Name: S1
System Description:
Cisco IOS Software, C2960 Software (C2960-LANBASEK9-M), Version
15.0(2)SE7, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2014 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Thu 23-Oct-14 14:49 by prod_rel_team
S1#
S1# conf t
S1(config)# interface fa0/6
S1(config-if)# no lldp transmit
S1(config-if)# lldp receive
S1(config-if)#
S1(config-if)# do show running-config interface fa0/6
Building configuration...
S1(config-if)#
Unidirectional Link Detection
Loop! X BPDU
No BPDU’s Received
No Loopguard Configured
Change to Forwarding State
Designated Port
BPDU
Blocked Port
BPDU Received only,
none sent
BPDU
BPDU No BPDU’s Received
Change to Forwarding State
STP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs).
If a switch’s port in blocking port stops receiving BPDUs:
STP eventually ages out the STP information for the port (up to 50 secs)
Moves port to forwarding state.
This creates a forwarding loop or STP loop.
How is it possible for the switch to stop receiving BPDUs while the port is up?
The reason is unidirectional link. Rick Graziani
[email protected]
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Unidirectional Link Problem
A unidirectional link occurs when traffic is transmitted between neighbors in one
direction only.
Unidirectional links can cause spanning-tree topology loops.
S2
S2 S3
The
At link between
this moment, S2 both
and S3S2becomesS3 unidirectional
S3 waits until the max-age timerand are expires
(20 seconds) forwarding
before to each
it takes other
action. and
•S2
S2iscan
thereceive
designated bridge
traffic from S3 sending the root BPDUs
•there
When this timerblocking
is no expires, S3 moves in
through
the the listening and learning and then forwarding states.
• S3 cannot receive traffic fromport
S2 network!
UDLD is a feature that
is not specific to STP
Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD) but is used with STP to
enhance it.
Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD) enables devices to detect
when a unidirectional link exists and shuts down the affected
interface.
Useful on fiber ports to prevent network issues related to
miswiring at the patch panel, causing the link to be in up/up
status but with BPDUs being lost.
• A port configured with • If there is no response,
UDLD sends UDLD (i.e., no echo reply) then
frames about every 15 S1 that signals a
seconds expecting a unidirectional link.
UDLD Echo reply.
S2 S3
UDLD Reply
Two UDLD Modes
Normal Mode:
When a unidirectional link is detected, the switch takes no
action and the port is allowed to continue its operation.
UDLD port status transitions to an undetermined state and
generates a syslog message.
Entry 1
---
Expiration time: 31300
Device ID: 1
Current neighbor state: Bidirectional
Device name: FCQ1628Y5LK
Port ID: Fa0/1
Neighbor echo 1 device: FCQ1628Y5LE
Neighbor echo 1 port: Fa0/1
Message interval: 15
Time out interval: 5
CDP Device name: S2
S1#
Power Over Ethernet
44
SDM Templates
S1#
S1# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)# sdm prefer ?
default Default bias
dual-ipv4-and-ipv6 Support both IPv4 and IPv6
lanbase-routing Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 Static Routing
qos QoS bias
Enable SDM Template for Routing
S1(config)# sdm prefer lanbase-routing
Changes to the running SDM preferences have been stored, but
cannot take effect until the next reload.
Use 'show sdm prefer' to see what SDM preference is currently
active.
Switch(config)# do reload
SPAN Session:
• The association between source port (or VLAN)
and a destination port (or VLAN).
Configure SPAN
Configure a SPAN source port.
Switch(config)#
monitor session number source [interface interface-id |
vlan vlan-id]
57
Remote Switched Port Analyzer (RSPAN)
RSPAN can copy traffic from ports or VLANs on one switch (i.e.,
source switch) to a port on a different switch (i.e., destination
switch).
Note:
SPAN and RSPAN vary by switching platforms.
RSPAN - Example
SW1(config)# vlan 100
SW1(config-vlan)# name SPAN-VLAN
SW1(config-vlan)# remote-span
SW1(config-vlan)# monitor session 2 source interface Fa0/7
SW1(config)# monitor session 2 destination remote vlan 100
Note:
• RSPAN VLAN
numbers must match
on both switches.
• Session numbers do
not need to match.
IP SLA 374
– Introduction to IP SLA 375
– IP SLA Source and Responder 377
– IP SLA Configuration 377
– IP SLA Operation with Responder 379
– IP SLA Time Stamps 381
– Configuring Authentication for IP SLA 382
– IP SLA Example for UDP Jitter 383
IP Service Level
Agreement
(SLA)
IP SLA can
be used for:
IP SLA can
measure:
Supported
protocols:
DNS R1 R2
MIB data retrieved via SNMP
Server
R1 R2
IP SLAs Operations
• Those in which the target device is Generated ICMP traffic to measure network
response
not running the IP SLAs responder IP SLAs
Source
component (such as a web server
DNS
or IP host). Server
R1 R2
• Mostly ICMP generated traffic.
fa0/1
172.16.1.1
fa0/1
172.16.1.1
Tracking
R1(config)# track 1 rtr 11 reachability
Object
172.16.1.1
Defining the Probe
ip sla: defines probe 11
type echo: specifies that the ICMP echoes are sent:
To destination 10.1.1.1 to check connectivity
With the source interface of FastEthernet0/0
frequency 10: schedules the connectivity test to repeat every 10 seconds.
ip sla monitor schedule 11 life forever start-time now: defines the start
time of now and it will continue forever
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R1(config)# ip sla 11
R1(config-rtr)# type echo protocol ipIcmpEcho 10.1.1.1 source-interface fa0/0
R1(config-rtr)# frequency 10 Probe
Tracking
R1(config)# track 1 rtr 11 reachability
Object
172.16.1.1
Defining the Tracking Object
track 1 rtr 11 reachability: Specifies that:
Object 1 is tracked (next step)
Linked to probe 11 (defined in the first step) so that the reachability of
the 10.1.1.1 is tracked.
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R1(config)# ip sla 11
R1(config-rtr)# type echo protocol ipIcmpEcho 10.1.1.1 source-interface fa0/0
R1(config-rtr)# frequency 10 Probe
Tracking
R1(config)# track 1 ip sla 11 reachability
Object
AD=2
172.16.1.1
Tracking
R1(config)# track 2 ip sla 22 reachability
Object
Tracking
R1(config)# track 2 ip sla 22 reachability
Object
82
R1(config)# ip sla 22
R1(config-rtr)# type echo protocol ipIcmpEcho 172.16.1.1 source-interface fa0/1
Probe
R1(config-rtr)# frequency 10
Tracking
R1(config)# track 2 ip sla 22 reachability
Object
AD=2
AD=3
172.16.1.1
Tracking
R1(config)# track 1 ip sla 11 reachability
Object
Tracking
R1(config)# track 2 ip sla 22 reachability
Object