Design of Reinforced

Concrete
Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Thanoon
 Design of Flexural Members
A) Single Rectangular Reinforced Section
B) Single T Reinforced Section
C) Double Reinforced Concrete Beam
 Introduction
 In design, the moment due to applied loading is known,
and it is required either to find:
 the cross section dimensions with its steel reinforcement, or
 the steel reinforcement and its detailing (in case the cross-
section dimension is given).

 In general, the design follows a trial and error procedure.

 The dimension of different cross section in a structure are needed

to calculate the distribution of bending moments and shear forces
in the structure i.e. in moment distribution method the moment of
inertia; “I” value is required to carry on the analysis.

3
 Introduction

 However initial cross section dimension are assumed to

calculate the bending moment and shear forces.

 The assumed cross section is next checked whether these

dimensions can be used to resist the calculated moment
and shear forces or not.

4
 Concrete Cover

Concrete Cover
The concrete cover is required to
ensure adequate resistance to fire
and corrosion. It is defined as the
distance between the outmost
surface of steel reinforcement
and the nearest concrete surface
as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

5
 Concrete Cover

Steel reinforcement loses its strength when subjected to

high temperature.

Concrete is a good insulator with the result that it

protects the steel and extends the time take for the
temperature in the steel to reach dangerous level.

Hence greater cover means greater time for occupants

to escape from brining building before collapse.
(fire resistance are measured in hours).

6
 Concrete Cover

Another import role of concrete cover is to provides

bonding layer to the steel reinforcement in order that both
material act as a perfect integrated composite material.

The value of cover for grade 30 concrete is 25 mm in mild

environmental condition.

Table 3.2 and 3.3 in BS 8110 part 1-1997 provides the

suggested cover for other concrete grade and other
environmental conditions.

7
 Concrete Cover

Minimum cover to main reinforcement to resist different

fire ratings in hour are shown in Table (2).
Nominal Cover - mm
Fire Resistance Beams Floors Ribs Columns
Hour
SS C SS C SS C

1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

1.5 20 20 25 20 35 20 20

2 40 30 35 25 45 35 25

SS = Simply Supported
C = Continuous
8
 Flexural Members
A) Design of Single Rectangular
Reinforced Section
 Rectangular-section

.
Design Case 1:
Cross section is given

Design Case 2:
Section dimension are not given

Design Case 3:
The percentage of reinforcing steel is known

10
Design case 1: Cross Section is given

In this case, the cross dimensions and the material strength

(b, h, fcu, fy) are known and it is required to calculate the
area of steel reinforcement and its detailing.

The design starts with assuming the number of steel layers

to calculate d, the effective depth.

Table 1 shows different possibilities of steel arrangement

in a reinforced concrete section

11
 Steel Arrangement

Table 1 The different possibilities of steel arrangement

b b

h h

db/2 db
dtie dtie
cover cover

d bar
d  h  cov er  d tie  d  h  cov er  d tie  d bar
2
12
 Steel Arrangement

b b

d centre of
steel bars
h

db db
s s
dtie
cover cover

s d bar
d  h  cov er  d tie  d bar  d  h  cov er  d tie  d bar  s 
2 2

13
 Rectangular-section

After deciding the number of steel layers, the effective

depth is calculated as shown in Table (1).

However, since the steel amount is not known in the

beginning of the design, the designer may assume the
number of layer based on his experience and later check
the assumption at the end of the design after calculating
the steel area.

14
 Rectangular-section

Next the check whether the section need to be designed

as single r.c. section or double r.c section has to be
done.
To do that the value of “K” need to be calculated as:.
Mu
K
f cu bd 2

 if K  0.156, the section is designed as singly reinforced

concrete section (T.F)

 if K > 0.156 the section is designed as double reinforced

concrete section.
15
 Rectangular-section

In case of K  0.156, the lever arm z need to be calculated using:

  K  2
1

z  0.5   0.25   d
  0.9  

The derivation of this equation can done as follows:
C = 0.45 fcu b . a
z = d – a/2 or a = 2 (d - z)
M= C . z = 0.45 fcu b . a . z = 0.9 fcu b (d – z) . z
M 0.9(d  z ) z
2

f cu bd d2

16
 Rectangular-section

0.9 z 0.9 z 2
K 
d d2
2
z z K
    0
 d   d  0.9

z   K  2
1

 0.5   0.25   
d 
  0.9  

  K  2
1

z  0.5   0.25   d ( BS8110-clause 3.4.4.4)

  0.9  


17
 Rectangular-section

The final step in design is to calculate the area of reinforcement

necessary to resist the bending moment as:

M u  0.95 f y As z

Mu 0.13
As   Asmin  bh
0.95 f y z 100

If As < As min use As = As min

18
 Rectangular-section

Design case 2: Section Dimension are not Given

• In this case, the width of the beam may be assumed to be
similar to the width of columns in the frame or supporting
walls.
• The design can also starts by assuming b/d (width/effective
depth) ratio. As a start b/d may be assumed equal to 0.5.
Again the design must satisfy the ductility requirement (to
ensure yielding of steel and hence T.F.).

C.F. Double r.c. section

Maximum limit axis
T.F. Single r.c section

19
 Rectangular-section

To identify the depth of the section, design on maximum limit axis

by equating the ultimate moment to the Mmax which is the maximum
value allowed for a single reinforced section to fail in a ductile
manner .
M max  0.156 f cu bd 2 M u  M max  0.156 f cu bd 2

The above equation will yields the minimum effective depth

required to satisfy ductility requirement as:
Mu
d min 
0.156 f cu b

Lower than this depth with shift the design below the maximum
limit axis and the failure will be controlled by compression
failure (or steel in compression must be provided). While larger
depth will leads to more ductile failure and less steel area.
20
 Rectangular-section

If minimum depth is used, the necessary steel reinforcement may be

calculated using:
As  As max  max bd

24.5 f cu
max  or M  0.95 As f y ( z max )
fy

zmax can be found using x=0.5d as explained in previous chapter as:

z max  0.775d

However, a section with higher depth can be used and the design
will follow the procedure as explained in Case 1.

21
 Rectangular-section

Example Case 2
Design a reinforced concrete section to resist a moment of Mu =
150 kNm, use fcu = 30 N/mm² and fy = 460N/mm².
Assume b = 200 mm and design the section on maximum
condition.
b=200

3Y20
10
25

22
 Rectangular-section

150 106
d min   400.32mm
0.156  200  30
30
 max  24.5   1.6%
460
1.6
As  150  400.32  960.77mm2
100
use 3T20 = 942 mm2 > 960.77mm2

d   25 10 10  45mm

h = 400.32 + 45 = 445.32 mm
use h = 500 mm > 445.32 OK

23
 Rectangular-section

Check
d = 500 – 45 = 445 mm
150 106
K  0.126  0.156  O.K. (T.F.)
30  200  445 2

C T
0.45  30  0.9 x  200  0.95  460  942.5
x  155.2  222.5  d / 2
 O.K
a  0.9 x  139.7mm
Z = d – a/2 = 445 – 139/2 = 375.5 mm
Mu = 0.95 x 460 x 942 x 375.5 = 154.6 kN.m > 150 kN  OK

24
 Rectangular-section

Design case 3:
The percentage of reinforcing steel is known

Sometimes, the designer would like to fix the steel

reinforcement ratio () to be laid between the min and
max allowed by the code to control the amount of steel
especially when the cost of steel reinforcement is high.

In such case, the depth of the beam cross required to

resist the given ultimate moment need to be calculated
for the specified steel ratio.

25
 Rectangular-section

The design may be started using C = T:

  
0.45 f cu .a.b  0.95 f y  bd 
 100 

where a can be evaluated in terms of d :

0.95 f y 
a 100 d
0.45 f cu

Then the effective depth required to resist the given moment can
be calculated using:
  a
M u  0.95 f y bd  d  
100  2

Finally the steel can found as:

As   .b.d
26
 Rectangular-section

Example Case 3
Design a rectangular beam having b = 250 mm, fcu = 25 N/mm2, fy
= 460 N/mm2 . The steel ratio is approximately equal to 0.5%.

Check first the ductility requirement

25
   max  24.5   1.27% > 0.5% T.F
460
   min = 0.13%

C=T
0.5
0.45  25  a  250  0.95  460   250  d
100
a  0.194d
x  0.216d  0.5d  O.K (T.F)

27
 Rectangular-section

0.5  0.178d 
M u  0.87  460   250  d   d  
100  2 
 455.73d 2

if Mu = 120 kNm,
d = 513.14 mm
h = 513.14 + 20 + 8 + 10 = 551.14
use h = 550 mm then
d = 550-20-8-10 = 512 mm
As =  . b . d

28
 Flowchart 1
The Design of Rectangular r.c. Beam
Start

Mu , fcu , and fy

1 2 Section’s
Section’s dimensions are
Design Case dimensions are
not given
given (b, h)
3
The steel ratio,  Find:
is given k=Mu/(fcu . b . d2)
Find dmin
d min  M u /(0.156 f cu b )
 <  max k < 0.156 Yes
Yes No

A B C D
 Cont. The Design of Rectangular r.c. Beam

A B C D

Either to continue with Design section Find:

Assume b, find
dmin as below or use as double r.c.
“a” in term z  [0.5  (0.25 
k 12
) ]d
greater d and use design section (Refer to
“d” using C=T 0.9
Case 2 flowchart)

Calculate: Find d using: Find As using:

   max  23.15 f cu / f y M u  0.87 f c    b  d (d  a / 2) As  M u /(0.87 f c  z )

Compare As by referring
Calculate to Table 3.27, BS 8110
As    b  d Arrange the steel

End
 Flexural Members

Design of Single T Reinforced

Section
 T-section

Design Case 1:
The N.A. lies in the Flange

Design Case 2:
The N.A. lies in the Web

32
 T-section

The design of T-section will depends on the location of N.A.

whether is located in the flange or in the web. In order to identify
the location of the N.A, the moment capacity of the flange is
calculated by considering the whole flange under compression i.e.
a = hf as shown in figure:
bf
0.45 fcu
C
hf c a=hf

N.A
d
z=d-hf/2
web
As T

bw
Fig. 15 Stress-strain variation for T-beam section with N.A. lies in the flange
33
 T-section

The moment capacity of the flange is:

hf
M flange  C.z  0.45 f cu .b f .h f (d  )
2

If the ultimate moment is less than or equal the flange moment

capacity, then the N.A. lies in the flange since the moment can be
resisted by smaller compression area. The design procedure are
similar to the design of rectangular beam with b=bf.

Otherwise, the N.A will be located in the web and a larger

compression area is required and the section will be treated as True
T-beam.

Mu < Mflange  the beam section is R.B.

Mu > Mflange  the beam section is T.T.B.
34
 T-section

Design case 1: The N.A. Lies in the flange

bf
0.45 fcu
a C
hf x

d
z
web
As T

bw
Mu
K
f cu bd 2
 if K  0.156, the section is designed as singly reinforced concrete
section (T.F)
 if K > 0.156 the section is designed as double reinforced
concrete section.
35
 T-section

In case of K  0.156, the lever arm z need to be calculated using:

  K  2
1

z  0.5   0.25   d
  0.9  


then: M u  0.87 f y As z

Mu 0.13
As   As min  bf  h
0.87 f y  z 100

If As < As min use As = As min

36
 T-section

Design case 2: The N.A. Lies in the web

bf – bw/2 bf – bw/2
0.45 fcu 0.45 fcu
a/2 hf/2
hf hf
x a C2
C1
+
d N.A
z1 z2
web
As
centre of steel area
bw

Fig. 16 Stress-strain variation for T-beam section with

N.A. lies in the web

37
 T-section

M  C1.z1  C2 .z2

M  0.45 f cu .a.bw d  a / 2  0.45 f cu .h f b f  bw d  h f / 2

Simplifying the above equation will yield a 2nd degree equation in

terms of “x” the N.A. depth.

If x < xmax = 0.5d  T.F. the section is designed as single r.c.

section
If x > xmax = 0.5d  a compression reinforcement will be required
and the section must be designed as double r.c. section.

38
 T-section

Alternatively, the ultimate may be compared with maximum

moment calculated using:

 
 0.156 f cu bw d  0.45 f cu .b f  bw h f  d 
hf
M max 2

 2 

 if Mu  Mmax it is a T.F and the section is designed as singly

reinforced concrete section

 if Mu > Mmax it is a C.F and the section is designed as double

reinforced concrete section.

39
 T-section

The steel reinforcement can be found using:

Mu 0.13
As   Asmin  bh
0.87 f y z 100

bw  a   b f  bw  h f
a hf
where z  d  x and x  2 2
bw  a  b f  bw  h f 
bf
0.45 fcu
x
hf a
C

N.A
d
web
As

bw 40
 T-section

Alternatively, the steel area can be calculated using:

C1  C2  T

0.45 f cu  a  bw  0.45 f cu  h f  (b f  bw )  0.87 f y As

41
 T-section

Example 1
bf
A simply supported beam having a
span of 6 m and carries dead load
100 mm
equal to 14.8 kN/m and imposed load
of 10 kN/m. The beam is
monolithically cast with 100 mm 350mm
thick floor slab. The width of the
As
beam is 250 mm and the architecture
fix the total depth to 350 mm. Using
fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 find bw=250mm
the steel reinforcement at the centre
of the beam.

42
 T-section

Solution 1, cont.

wu  14.8x1.4  10 x1.6  36.7kN / m

wu l 2 36.7 x6 2
Mu    165kN.m
8 8
b f  250  6000 / 5  1450mm

d  350  25  8  12.5  304.5mm

Mflange = 0.45 x 30x1450x100(304.5-100/2)x10-6 = 498.2 kN.m

Mu = 165 < Mflange  the N.A. lies in the flange,
then:

43
 T-section

Mu 165 x106
K 2
 2
 0.041
f cu b f d 30 x1450 x304.5

K = 0.041 which is < than 0.156 so T.F and the beam is designed as
single r.c. section
  K  2
1

z  0.5   0.25    d = 0.925d >0.95d  use z = 0.95d = 289.3 mm

  0.9  

Mu 165 x10 6
As    1425.2mm 2
0.87 f y z 0.87 x 460 x 289.3

44
 T-section

Example
Mu = 260 kN.m
Mflange = 0.45 x 30 x 600 x 100(340-100/2) x 10-6 = 234.9 kN.m
Mu > Mflange  the N.A. lies in the web
bf = 600 mm

100 mm

340mm

As

bw=250mm
45
 T-section

 hf 
M max  0.156 f cu bw d  0.45 f cu .b f  bw h f  d  
2

 2 
= 0.156x30x250x3402 +0.45x30(600-250)100(340-50)x10-6
= 272.3 kN.m
Mu < Mmax  T.F., the section is considered as single r.c. section

M u  260 x10 6  0.45 x30 x 250 x( x)(340  0.9 x / 2)  0.45 x30 x350 x100(340  50)
x 2  755.56 x  89968  0
x = 148.1 mm < 0.5 d = 170 mm  T.F.

0.45 f cu  a  bw  0.45 f cu  h f  (b f  bw )  0.87 f y As

0.45 x30 x0.9 x148.1x 250  0.45 x30 x100 x350

As   2305 mm2
0.87 x 460

46
 T-section

Alternatively, the area of the reinforcing steel may be found as follows:

bf
0.45 fcu

Find the centroide of the x

hf a
C
concrete compression area by
N.A
taking the moment of the d
web
compression area about the
As
top edge of the flange:
a  0.9x  0.9x148.1  133.29mm bw

250 x133.29 2 / 2  350 x100 x50

x  58.12mm
250 x133.29  350 x100
M  0.87 f y As (d  x )
M u  0.87 x 460 xAs (340  58.12)  260 x10 6

As =2304.8 mm2, use 5Y25 bars

47
 Flowchart 6
Design of Singly Reinforced Section for T-beam
Start

Input : d, bw, hf, bf, fcu , fy and Mu

Calculate the moment capacity of the flange

hf
M flange  C.z  0.45 f cu .b f .h f (d  )
2

Yes Mu > (M)flange No

The N.A. lies in the web. The N.A. lies in the web.
Design the section as T-section Design the section as T-section

A B
 Flowchart Design of Singly Reinforced Section for T-beam, cont.

A B

 
M max  0.156 f cubw d 2  0.45 f cu .b f  bw h f  d 
hf Mu
 K
 2  f cu b f d 2

Mmax > Mu K < 0.156

Yes No Yes

Find As using: Use steel in Find the value of z from:

0.45 f cu .a.bw  0.45 f cu .h f .(b f  bw )  0.87 f y As compression. Design z = [0.5+(0.25-k/0.9)0.5]d
0.13 the section as double
 Asmin  bf h
100 r.c. section. Mu 0.13
As   Asmin  bf h
Use Flowchart No. 0.87 f y z 100

End
 Flexural Members

Design of Double Reinforced

Concrete Beam
 When the depth of the beam is restricted and the moment
capacity of singly reinforced section is not adequate to
resist the applied bending moment, compression
reinforcement has to be added and the beam will be
designed as a doubly reinforced section.

 A doubly r.c. beam can be assumed to be made up of two

beams A and B.
 In beam A which is a singly r.c. section. The steel in
tension As1 is required to balance the force of
compression in concrete.
 While in beam B, which imaginary, the tension steel As2
required to balance a compression force in the
compression steel As’
51
 b b

A’s A’s
d d
= +
Ast As1=As max As2

M>Mmax M1=Mmax M2 = M - Mmax

Beam A will be designed to its maximum limit allowed by the

code i.e. x = xmax ; As1 = As max and M1 = Mmax etc.

The remaining moment M2=M-Mmax will be resisted by Beam B

(which is imaginary) through the additional steel As’ and As2
shown in Fig.

Same equations presented in analysis chapter will be used in the

design. 52
 Double r.c. beam

Example 1
Design a r.c. beam for an effective span of 6m, ultimate load =128 kN/m
and size of the beam is limited to b = 300 mm and h = 700 mm. use fcu = 20
N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2.

wu l 2 128 x6 2
Mu    576kN.m
8 8
d = 700-25-10-12.5=652.5 mm
Mu 576 x106
K   0.225  0.156  need steel in compression,
f cu b f d 2 20 x300 x652.52
 design as double reinforced section

M max  0.156 f cu bd 2 = 0.156 x 20 x 300 x 652.52 x 10-6 = 398.5 kN.m

Mu > Mmax  design as double reinforced section

M1 = Mmax = 389.5 kN.m

53
 Double r.c. beam

21.3 f cu 21.3x20
As1   max b  d  b d  x300 x652.5 / 100  1813mm2
fy 460
Or alternatively:
M  0.95 As f y ( z max )

z max  0.775d

398.5 x106  0.95 x 460 xAs1 (0.775 x652.5)

As1=1805 mm2
M2 = M – Mmax = 576 – 398.5 = 177.5 kN.m
this moment will be resisted by steel As’ and As2
x  xmax  0.5d  326.25mm
d 50
d   50mm then   0.153  0.43  the steel in compression is yielded
x 326.25

54
 Double r.c. beam

alternatively:
x  d 326.25  50
f s  700  700  592.7 which is more than fy , use fs’ = 0.95 fy
x 326.25
M 2  0.95 f y As 2 (d  d )
M2 = 177.5 x 106 = 0.95 x 460 x As2 (326.25-50)
As2 = 736.2 mm2 = As’

Use for steel in compression 4Y16 which provides area =803.84 mm2
Total steel in tension will be:
As =1970+1601=2706.2 mm2
Use 6Y25 which provides As=2940 mm2 > 2706.2 o.k

55
 Flowchart: Design of Design of Doubly
Section for Rectangular beam
Start

Input Mu , fcu , fy , b, d, d’

Mu
K 2
 0.156
f cu b f d

Design as Single r.c. section

Calculate
M1 = Mmax = 0.156 fcu . b . d2
End M2 = Mu - M1

Calculate max = 23.15 fcu / fy

Calculate As1 = max b d/100

Calculate x = 0.5 d

A
 Flowchart Design of Design of Doubly Section for Rectangular beam

Check
Steel in compression is yielded. d
Strees in steel in compression = fy  0.43
x

Steel in compression is not yielded

Calculated As2 using: x  d
M 2  0.87 f y As 2 (d  d ) f s  700
x

Calculated A’s using:

As  As 2 M 2  0.87 f s As (d  d )

Calculated As2 using:

Calculated As = As1 + As2
M 2  0.87 f y As 2 (d  d )

End
 Design of Reinforced Concrete

Analysis of Double r.c. section

Updated 28 Oct 2009-Lv

If a specified single r.c. section cannot resist the applied
moment safely in a ductile manner.

Additional reinforcement may be provided in the

compression zone to increase its flexural capacity of r.c
section when the applied M exceeds the maximum
capacity Mmax=0.156fcubd2 of a single reinforced
concrete section.

Doubly r.c. section can be considered as a combination of

singly r.c section and additional steel reinforcement at
top and bottom of the section as shown in Fig. 21 .

59
 b b

A’s A’s
d d
= +
Ast As1=As max As2

M>Mmax M1=Mmax M2 = M - Mmax

Fig. 21

60
The singly reinforced section is designed to its limit
capacity i.e. maximum limit condition discussed in
previous sections. This means that x = xmax, As1 = As max
and M1 = Mmax.

The remaining moment M2 = M – Mmax will be resisted

by the additional steel A’s and As2 shown in Fig. 21.

However in analysis, it is required to check the capacity

of a given section with known reinforcement and hence
the following procedure is used.

61
 b ecu 0.45fcu
d’ e’s C2=A’s .f’s
A’s a
x C1=0.45fcu .a.b
d
d-d’
z
N.A.
Ast T
ey

Fig. 22

62
From the strain distribution shown in Fig. 22
e s' e cu e s' x  d
 
0.0035
  es 
'
0.0035
x  d x x x  d x
x  d
and the stress in compression steel is: f s  Es  e s  700
x

If the steel in compression yielded, e’s = 0.002, then:

d  0.002 d
1  or  0.43
x 0.0035 x

d’/x < 0.43 is the condition which ensure that the steel in
compression is yielded.

63
However, since the depth of the N.A. (x) is not known, it is
convenient to start the analysis assuming that all the steel
reinforcements are yielded.

Using C=T equation to find the depth of N.A as:

0.45 f cu .a.b  0.95 f y As  0.95 f y As

here is assumed fs’ is assumed = fy then the depth of stress

rectangle “a”:

a

0.95 f y As  As  and x 
a
0.45 f cu b 0 .9

64
Using the calculated x, check whether the reinforcement are
yielded or not.
For steel in tension to be yielded, the calculated x must be less
or equal to 0.5d:
x  0.5d
For steel in compression to be yielded:

x  d '
d'
f s  f y or f s'  700  fy or  0.43
x x
If the above two assumptions are satisfied proceed to calculate
the moment using:

 a
M  0.45( f cu )( a)b  d    0.95 f y As' d  d 
 2

65
If the steel in compression is not yielded, then the exact value of
the N.A. need to be evaluated as follows:
Using T=C1+C2 :
0.45 f cu .a.b  f sAs  0.95 f y As
x  d
Putting: f s  700
x
 x  d  
0.45 f cu .a.b  700  As  0.95 f y As
 x 
Simplifying the above equation will lead to a 2nd degree equation
with one positive root for x. The final moment will be:

 a
M  0.45( f cu )( a)b  d    As f s d  d 
 2
66
For the case where x exceeds xmax:

If x > xmax = 0.5d then take x = 0.5d and calculate fs’

x  d
f s  700
x

If fs’ is more than fy use fs’ = fy

 a
M  0.45( f cu )( a)b  d    0.95 As f y d  d 
 2

67
Flowchart 3: Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section

Start

Input : b, d, d’, As, A’s, fcu, and fy

Assume all the steel is yielded

Assume the depth of N.A. using : C=T;

0.45 fcu . a . b + 0.95 fy . A’s = 0.95 fy . As

Yes Check x < 0.5 d No

Steel in tension is yielded Steel in tension does not yield.

Use x = 0.5d

Check d’/x < 0.43 or

x  d No
yes f s  700  fy
x

Steel in compression is yielded Steel in compression is not yielded

Find the depth of N.A. (x) using C=T:

Find the ultimate moment using:  x  d 
 a 0 . 45 f cu .a .b  700   A s  0 . 95 f y A s
M  0.45( f cu )(a)b  d    0.95 As f y d  d   x 
 2
Find the ultimate moment using:
 a
M  0 . 45 ( f cu )( a ) b  d    A s f s  d  d  
 2

End 68
Example 4
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the doubly r.c.
section shown in figure if:
(i) As = 5T25 and As’ = 5T16
(ii) As = 5T25 and As’ = 6T20

b=300
50

A’s
d=400

As

69
Solution
(i) As = 5T25 and As’ = 5T16 As = 2454 mm2 As’ = 1000 mm2
Assume both steel are yielded and using C=T

b ecu = 0.0035 0.45fcu

d’ e’s
A’s C2=A’s .f’s
x a
C1=0.45fcu .a.b
d
d-d’
h z
N.A.
Ast T
ey

70
 0.95 f y  As  As  0.95  460 2454  1000
a   156.89mm
0.45 f cu b 0.45  30  300
d
x  174.32   hence the steel in tension is yielded, o.k.
2

Check whether the steel in compression is yielded or not

d 50
 0.43   0.29  0.43
x 174.32
Hence the steel in compression is yielded, o.k.

The maximum bending capacity will be

 a
M  0.45 f cu ab d    0.95  f y  As' d  d ' or
 2
 a
M  0.95 f y As1  d    0.95 f y As 2 d  d ' 71
2
(ii) As = 5T25 and As’ = 6T20 As = 2454 mm2 As’ = 1885 mm2
Assume both steel are yielded and using C=T
0.95 f y 2454  1885
a  61.40 mm
0.45  30  300
x = 68.22 mm < 0.5d = 200 mm OK
d 50
  0.74  0.43 the steel in compression not yield, not o.k.
x 68.22
x  50
f s  700
x
 x  50 
0.45  30  0.9 x  300  1885     700  2454  0.95  460
 x 
65975000
3645 x  1319500   1072398
x
72
3645 x 2  247102 x  65975000  0
x 2  67.79 x  18100.14  0
 B  B 2  4 AC  67.79  277.48
x   104.85
2A 2
a  94.37
 104.85  50 
f 's  700   366.19  460
 104.85 
 a
M u  0.45 f cu .a.b  d    A's f 's d  d 
 2
 94.37 
 0.45  30  94.37  300  400    1885  366.19  400  50
 2 
= 134.85 + 241.59
= 376.44 kNm, OK
73
 Double r.c. beam

Example 2
Design the steel reinforcement for the T-beam section shown in Fig., to
resist an ultimate moment of 500 kN.m. Use fcu = 15 MPa, fy = 460 MPa.

bf = 1200mm

100mm
A’s

500mm

As

bw= 300mm

74
 Double r.c. beam

100
M flange  0.45 x15 x1200 x100(445  ) x10 6
2
Mflange = 320 kN.m
Mu >Mflange  The N.A. lies in the web
 
M max  0.156 f cu bw d 2  0.45 f cu .b f  bw h f  d 
hf

 2 
= 0.156x15x300x4452 +0.45x15(1200-300)100(445-50)x10-6
= 378.98 kN.m
Mu > Mmax  C.F. need a steel in compression design as a double r.c. section
M1 = Mmax = 796 kN.m
xmax = 0.5 d = 0.5 x 445 = 222.5 mm
amax = 0.9 x 222.5 = 200.25 mm

75
 Double r.c. beam

bf = 1200
0.45fcu

hf = 100
x
amax = 200.25
C

d N.A

bw = 300

300 x 200.25 2 / 2  (1200  300)100 x50

x  70.065mm
300 x200.25  900 x100
M  0.87 f y As (d  x )
M u  0.87 x 460 xAs (445  70.1)  378.98 x10 6

As1=2526 mm2

76
Double r.c. beam

Alternatively
C=T
0.45 x 15 x area = 0.87 x 460 x As1
area = 300 x 200.25 + 900 x 100 = 150075 mm2
As1 = 2531.25 mm2

77
 Design of Reinforced Concrete

Analysis T-beam with Steel in

Compression

Updated
The analysis of T- or L beam with steel in compression
is dependent on the location of the N.A whether is
located in the flange or in the web of the beam.

The analysis may be started assuming that:

a. the N.A lies in the flange and
b. the steels in compression and tension are
yielded

These two assumptions need to be verified after finding

the depth of the N.A (“x”) which can be calculated
using C = T equation as follows (refer to figure.):

79
 bf 0.0035 0.45fcu
d’
A’s e’s C2 x
a
x C1
d
N.A. d-d’
z
As T
ey
bw

Fig.

80
 C1 + C2 = T
0.45 f cu  0.9 x b f  0.95 f y As  0.95 f y As
0.95 f y ( As  As )
x
0.450.9  f cu (b f )

if x ≤ hf
 the N.A lies in the flange (R.B)
 and assumption “a” is satisfied

if x > hf
 the N.A lies in the web (T.T.B)
 and assumption “a” is not satisfied
81
Furthermore, the check for steel stresses need to be carried
out. To check whether the steel in compression (A’s)
yields or not:
 x  d  d
f s  700  or  0.43
 x  x
If :

≥ fy The steel is yielded and assumption “b” is satisfied.

< fy The steel is not yielded and fs’ need to be calculated.

82
For steel in tension, if x < 0.5 d, the steel in tension is
yielded otherwise use x=0.5d.
In case that the steel in compression is not yielded, the
solution will depends on the location of N.A. two cases
will be explained in more details as follows:

Case 1: N.A lies in the flange

Case 2: N.A lies in the web

83
Case 1: N.A lies in the flange
Using C=T equation
 x  d  
0.45 f cu 0.9 x b  700  As  0.95 f y As
 x 
Find x, by solving the above 2nd degree equation
If x < 0.5 d  (T.F.), ok

If x > 0.5 d  use x = 0.5 d

The moment capacity of the section is then calculated by taking

moment of the forces about the centre of tension steel as:
 a
M  0.45( f cu )( a )b f  d    As f s d  d 
 2
84
Case 2: N.A lies in the web
Refer to Fig. and using C=T equation
C1  C2  C3  T or
 x  d  
0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  700  As  0.95 f y As
 x 
Simplifying this equation will lead to a 2nd degree equation in
“x”

If x < 0.5 d  (T.F.), ok

If x > 0.5 d  use x = 0.5 d

85
Table 1 shows the forces and their moment arms.

The moment capacity of the section is then calculated by

taking moment of the forces about the centre of tension
steel as:

   x  d  
M  0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  d    0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  d 
 a hf
   700  As d  d 
 2  2   x 

86
Table 1 Compression forces in different parts of the doubly reinforced T-section
0.45fcu
Web
a/2 C1  0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw
a
x C1 a
d
z1  d 
2
z1 N.A.
As

bw

C 2  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f
(bf -bw)/2 (bf -bw)/2
0.45fcu
Flange hf/2
hf
C2
x hf
d z2 z2  d 
2
centre of steel area

A’fs’  x  d 
Steel in A’s C3  f sAs  700  As
compression z3
 x 
z3  d  d 

87
Example 5
For the doubly reinforced T-beam shown in Fig. , find the
moment capacity for the following reinforcement cases:
Case a : As = 4T25 = 1963.5 mm2 and As’ = 2T10 = 157 mm2
Case b : As = 6T25 = 2945.2 mm2 and As’ = 2T16 = 402.12 mm2
Case c : As = 8T25 = 3927.0 mm2 and As’ = 2T12 = 226 mm2
bf = 1500 mm
use:
100 mm
fcu = 15 MPa A’s
fy = 460 MPa
d=500mm

As

bw = 300 mm
Updated 88
Solution
Case a : As = 4T25 = 1963.5 mm2 and As’ = 2T10 = 157 mm2

assume: a) the steel reinforcements are yielded fs = fs’ = fy

b) the N.A. lies in the flange or x < hf
Using C=T
0.45 f cu 0.9 x b f  0.95 f y As  0.95 f y As

0.45150.9x1500  0.95(460)(157)  (0.95)(460)(1963.5)

x = 86.63 < 100  N.A. lies in the flange (o.k.)

< d/2 = 250mm  the steel in tension is yielded
 86.63  50 
f s  700   295.98mm  f y
 86.63 
 the steel in compression does not yield
89
 Calculate fs’ using exact analysis
 x  d  
0.45 f cu 0.9 x b  700  As  0.95 f y As
 x 
 x  50 
0.45150.9 x 1500  700 157  0.95460(1963.5)
 x 
5495000
9112.5 x 2  109900   858049.5
x
9112.5 x 2  748149.5 x  5495000  0

x 2  82.10 x  603.02  0

  (82.10 
x
(82.10) 2

 4 603.02 
 2 
 

90
 x = 88.79 < 100  N.A. lies in the flange
< d/2 = 250mm  the steel in tension is yielded
 88.79  50 
then f s  700   305.81mm
 88.79 

The moment capacity will be:

 a
 0.45( f cu )( a)b f  d    As f sd  d 
 2
  0.9  88.79  
  157  305.81500  50 10
6
 0.45(15)(88.79  0.9) 1500 500 
  2  
= 393.83 kN.m

91
Solution
Case b : As = 6T25 = 2945.2 mm2 and As’ = 2T16 = 402.12 mm2
assume: a) the steel reinforcements are yielded fs = fs’ = fy
b) the N.A. lies in the flange or x < hf

Using C=T
0.45 f cu 0.9 x b f  0.95 f y As  0.95 f y As

(0.45 15 1500  0.9x)  0.95  402.12  460  0.95(460)(2945.2)

x = 121.96 > 100  N.A. lies in the web and assumption “a”
is not satisfied and the section is T.T.B.

92
 Calculate “x” using exact analysis
 x  d  
0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  700  As  0.95 f y As
 x 
 x  50 
(0.45 15  300  0.9 x)  0.45 15 1200 100  (402.12)700   0.95(460)( 2945.2)
 x 
x 2  107.31x  7722.47  0

 107.31  (107.312  47722.5) 

x 
 2 
 
x = 156.62 mm > hf  N.A. lies in the web (o.k.)
< d/2  T.F, the steel in tension is yielded, (o.k.)

93
   156.62  50 
fs   700  476.53Mpa
 156.62 
  x  d 
M  0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  d    0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  d 
 a hf
  700
  As d  d 
 2  2   x 
6
0.9 x145.4
M  [0.45x15x0.9 x145.4 x300(500  )  0.45x15x100 x1200(500  50)  402 x0.87 x460 x(500  50)]10
2

M = 562.87 kN.m

94
Solution
Case c : As = 8T25 = 3927 mm2 and As’ = 2T12 = 226 mm2
The analysis can also start by assuming:
a) the steel reinforcements are yielded fs = fs’ = fy
b) the N.A. lies in the web or x > hf

0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  0.95 f y As  0.95 f y As

(0.45 15  300  0.9x)  0.45 15 1200 100  (226  460  0.95)  0.95(460)(3927)

x = 442.98 mm > 100  N.A. lies in the web (o.k.)

> d/2  C.F steel in tension does not yielded (not o.k)
use x = 0.5 (500) = 250 > 100  T.T.B

95
  250  50 
f s   700  560 Mpa  f y  use fs’ = fy
 250 

0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  0.87 f y As  0.87 f y As

6
0.9 x250
M  [0.45x15x0.9 x250 x300(500  )  0.45x15x100 x1200(500  50)  226 x0.87 x460 x(500  50)]10
2
M = 581.76 kN.m

96
 Flowchart 4: Analysis of Doubly Reinforced T-Beam Section
Start

Input : bw, d, d’, hf, bf, As , A’s, fcu, and fy

Assume:
a) all the steels are yielded
b) the N.A. is located in the flange

Find the depth of N.A. using : C=T;

0.45 fcu . a . bf + 0.95 fy . A’s = 0.95 fy . As

No (T.T.B. Check x < hf

Yes (R.B.)

Find the depth of N.A. (x) using C=T

0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  0.95 f y As  0.95 f y As

Under Reinforced,
Yes Check x < 0.5 d
Steel in tension is yielded No

Steel in tension does not yield;

Use x = 0.5d
A
97
 cont. Flowchart 4: Analysis of Doubly Reinforced T-Beam Section

Check d’/x < 0.43 or

Yes x  d No
f s  700  fy
x

Steel in compression is yielded Steel in compression is not yielded

Find the ultimate moment using: Find the depth of N.A. (x) using C=T:
 a  x  d  
M  0 .45 ( f cu )( a )b  d    As f y d  d   0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  700  As  0.95 f y As
 2  x 

Find the ultimate moment using:

   x  d  
M  0.45 f cu 0.9 x bw  d    0.45 f cu b f  bw h f  d 
 a hf
  700  As d  d 
 2  2   x 

End

98
 Double r.c. beam

Example 2
Design the steel reinforcement for the T-beam section shown in Fig., to
resist an ultimate moment of 500 kN.m. Use fcu = 15 MPa, fy = 460 MPa.

bf = 1200mm

100mm
A’s

500mm

As

bw= 300mm

99
 Double r.c. beam

100
M flange  0.45 15 1200 100(445  ) 10 6
2
Mflange = 320 kN.m
Mu >Mflange  The N.A. lies in the web
 
M max  0.156 f cu bw d 2  0.45 f cu .b f  bw h f  d 
hf

 2 
= 0.156x15x300x4452 +0.45x15(1200-300)100(445-50)x10-6
= 378.98 kN.m
Mu > Mmax  C.F. need a steel in compression design as a double r.c. section
M1 = Mmax = 796 kN.m
xmax = 0.5 d = 0.5 x 445 = 222.5 mm
amax = 0.9 x 222.5 = 200.25 mm

100
 Double r.c. beam

bf = 1200
0.45fcu

hf = 100
x
amax = 200.25
C

d N.A

bw = 300

300 x 200.25 2 / 2  (1200  300)100 x50

x  70.065mm
300 x200.25  900 x100
M  0.87 f y As (d  x )
M u  0.87 x 460 xAs (445  70.1)  378.98 x10 6

As1=2526 mm2

101
Double r.c. beam

Alternatively
C=T
0.45 x 15 x area = 0.87 x 460 x As1
area = 300 x 200.25 + 900 x 100 = 150075 mm2
As1 = 2531.25 mm2

102