Operating Systems by YUTIKA
Operating Systems by YUTIKA
Operating Systems by YUTIKA
By-
YUTIKA KENY
OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating system (OS) is system software that
manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides
common services for computer programs. All
computer programs, excluding firmware, require
an operating system to function.
• Time-sharing operating systems schedule
tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting software for cost allocation
of processor time, mass storage, printing, and
other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and
output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary
between programs and the computer
hardware,[1][2] although the application
code is usually executed directly by the
hardware and frequently makes system
calls to an OS function or is interrupted by
it. Operating systems are found on many
devices that contain a computer –
from cellular phones and video game
consoles to web
servers and supercomputers.
The dominant desktop operating system
is Microsoft Windows with a market share of
around 83.3%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in
second place (11.2%), and the varieties
of Linux are collectively in third place
(1.55%).[3] In
the mobile (smartphone and tablet combined)
sector, according to third quarter 2016
data, Android by Google is dominant with 87.5
percent and a growth rate 10.3 percent per
year, followed by iOS by Apple with 12.1
percent and a per year decrease in market
share of 5.2 percent, while other operating
systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[4] Linux
distributionsare dominant in the server and
supercomputing sectors. Other specialized
classes of operating systems, such as
embedded and real-time systems, exist for
many applications.
Single- and multi-tasking
A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi-
tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running in concurrency.
This is achieved by time-sharing, dividing the available processor time between
multiple processes that are each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task-
scheduling subsystem of the operating system. Multi-tasking may be characterized in
preemptive and co-operative types. In preemptive multitasking, the operating system
slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating
systems, e.g., Solaris, Linux, as well as AmigaOS support preemptive multitasking.
Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the
other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used
cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used
preemptive multi-tasking.
Single- and multi-user
Single-user operating systems have no facilities
to distinguish users, but may allow multiple
programs to run in tandem.[5] A multi-
user operating system extends the basic
concept of multi-tasking with facilities that
identify processes and resources, such as disk
space, belonging to multiple users, and the
system permits multiple users to interact with
the system at the same time. Time-sharing
operating systems schedule tasks for efficient
use of the system and may also include
accounting software for cost allocation of
processor time, mass storage, printing, and
other resources to multiple users.
distributed operating system