Stream Gauging
Stream Gauging
Stream Gauging
Solution
As V = a + bN
So V = 0.03 + 0.66 N
C0 C2
t1 t2
Time
Constant rate of Injection
Q = q(C1–C2)/(C2–Co)
Where Co = Concentration of chemical already existing in flowing
fluid of stream
Section 1
C1
Concentration
Background
Concentration Section 2
C2
C0
0
Time
• One gram in 1000 ml is 1000 ppm and one
thousandth of a gram (0.001g) in 1000 ml is
one ppm.
• 1ppm=0.001g/litre
• 1ppm=1mg/litre
• 1ppm = 1000 parts per billion
• 1ppb = 1/1000 ppm
• A 30 g/l solution of a chemical was discharged
into a stream at a constant rate of 10x10-6
m3/sec. The same chemical was not found in
stream water at all. The concentration of
chemical at sampling section was found to be 5
parts per billion. Estimate the stream discharge
Solution
From Equation 10, we have
Q = q(C1 – C2 )/ (C2 – Co )
q = 10x10-6 m3/sec.
C1 = 30g/l=0.030 g/ml
C2 = 5000 parts per million = 0.005x10-6 g/ml
Co = 0
Q = [10x10-6 x (0.03-5x10-9)]÷( 5x10-9 )= 60 m3/sec.
Stage ~ Discharge relationship
• The graphical curve between stage and
discharge is called the stage-discharge curve
or Rating curve.
Q = C (g-a) n
log Q = log C + n log (g-a)
y c m x
Q = C when (g-a) = 1
– Zero gauge height “a” is determined by assuming
the various values of ‘a’ until log ‘Q’ when plotted
against log (g-a), forms a straight line.
Continued….
Extension of Rating Curve
– The calculations are shown in Table 5 and graph is
shown in Figure 7.
– The value of ‘a’ for which we obtain a straight line is
0.4.
– The discharge required is corresponding to log (4.42-
0.4) = 0.60.
– The value of log Q against stage of 4.42 m is therefore
3.1 which corresponds to a discharge of = 1260 m³/s.
– i.e. taking antilog
– Log Q = 3.1
– Q = 10^3.1 = 1258.92
Continued….
Given Data
D = Mean Depth
Stage ‘g’ (m) A = Cross-Sectional Area (m²) Discharge 'Q' (m³/s)
(m)
0.52 24.43 0.46 29
0.76 62.62 0.55 76
1.06 111.5 0.64 139
1.23 145.86 0.85 187
1.3 166.3 0.98 218
1.55 199.74 1.19 268
1.71 221.11 1.4 303
1.82 270.35 1.49 371
2.04 304.72 1.58 428
2.08 317.73 1.65 456
2.38 367.9 1.74 538
2.67 447.79 1.83 682
2.81 464.52 1.86 708
3.02 487.74 1.98 773
4.42 761.81 2.74
Extension of Rating Curve
Discharge 'Q' Log10(g-a)
Stage 'g' (m) Log10Q
(m³/s) a = 0.3 a = 0.4 a = 0.5
0.52 29 1.46 -0.649 -0.906 -1.615
0.76 76 1.88 -0.335 -0.441 -0.582
1.06 139 2.14 -0.121 -0.182 -0.254
1.23 187 2.27 -0.034 -0.083 -0.139
1.30 218 2.34 -0.001 -0.047 -0.098
1.55 268 2.43 0.096 0.060 0.021
1.71 303 2.48 0.149 0.117 0.083
1.82 371 2.57 0.183 0.153 0.121
2.04 428 2.63 0.241 0.215 0.188
2.08 456 2.66 0.251 0.226 0.199
2.38 538 2.73 0.318 0.296 0.274
2.67 682 2.83 0.374 0.355 0.336
2.81 708 2.85 0.399 0.382 0.363
3.02 773 2.89 0.434 0.418 0.401
4.42 0.615 0.604 0.593
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
log Q
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
log (g-a)
Continued….
• The stream discharges for various stages at a
particular section were observed to be as follows.
Obtain an equation for the stage-discharge
relationship and determine the discharge for a stage
of 4.9 m and 12 m.
• The relation between the stage (g) and discharge (Q) of
the stream can be assumed of the form
Q = C (g-a) n
1500
1000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Value of AxSQRT(D)
Stream Flow Units
• Rate of Run Off:
– It may be measured in cubic foot per second or
cubic meter per second. One cubic foot per
second is a volume of one ft³ when collected in
one second.
– The ft³/second are also called cusec or cfs. In the
metric system the cubic meter per second are also
called cumec.
Stream Flow Units
• Volume Run Off:
– Volume of flow is expressed in cubic feet, cubic
meters, cubic inches and also in Acre foot and
second foot days.
Second Foot Day (SFD)
• It is the volume of water collected in 24 hours (one
day) at the rate of 1 cubic foot per second.
1 Sfd = 24 x 60x60 =86400 ft³.
• The smaller unit is second foot hour i.e. volume
collected in one hour at the rate of 1cfs.
1 sfh = 60x60 =3600 ft³.
Acre Foot
• If an area of one acre is converted by a
uniform depth of 1ft of water.
• The total volume thus collected is 1 Acre foot.
One Acre = 4840 (yards)²
1 Acre - foot = (4840x9)x1 = 43560 ft³
and 1 Sfd = 1.9835 Acre foot.
Hectare Meter
• If an area of one hectare is covered by a
uniform depth of 1m of water.
• The total volume thus collected is 1 Hectare-
meter.
One Hectare-meter = 104 m³
Inches of Run Off
• If a certain catchment area is having a
uniform depth of 1 cm of water, the total Run
off is 1 cm for that very catchment area.