CE 3205 Lecture W5.1 Flood Routing
CE 3205 Lecture W5.1 Flood Routing
CE 3205 Lecture W5.1 Flood Routing
Flood Routing
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Routing
Simulate the movement of water through physical
components of watershed (e.g., channels)
Commonly used to predict the magnitudes,
volumes, and temporal patterns of flow (often a
flood wave) as it moves down a channel
Physical/Hydraulic: Conservation of mass and
momentum
Conceptual/Hydrologic:
Some
physics
(continuity), but inexact representations
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Hydraulic Routing
Hydraulic routing method combines the continuity
equation with a more realistic relationship describing
the actual physics of the movement of the water
The equation used results from conservation of
momentum, assuming
uniform velocity distribution (depth averaged)
hydrostatic pressure
small bottom slope
In hydraulic routing analysis, it is intended that the
dynamics of the water or flood wave movement be more
accurately described
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1.49
Q
ARh S f
n
2
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Hydrologic Routing
Hydrologic routing techniques involve the balancing
of inflow, outflow and volume of storage through use
of the continuity equation.
Application:
Flood predictions
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Detention Ponds
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Hydrologic Routing
Continuity Equation:
Where
IO
DS
Dt
I = Inflow
O= Outflow
DS/Dt = Rate of change of storage
Problem:
You have a hydrograph at one location (I)
You have river characteristics (S=f(I,O))
Need:
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Hydrologic Routing
Hydrograph at point A
Hydrograph at point B
Comparisons:
River vs.
Reservoir
Routing
River Reach
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Hydrological Routing
Combine the continuity equation with some
relationship between storage, outflow, and
possibly inflow
These relationships are usually assumed,
empirical, or analytical in nature
An of example of such a relationship might
be a stage-discharge relationship
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Hydrological Routing
River or Channel Routing
Muskingum method
Muskingum-Cunge Method
Reservoir Routing
Inflow-Storage-Discharge Curve Method
(Puls Method)
Storage-Indication Method
(Modified Puls Method)
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Flow in a channel
prism
wedge
prism
prism
Storage in wedge:
KX(I-O)
Storage in prism:
KO
Storage
S=KX(I-O)+KO
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Muskingum Method
Sp = K O
Prism Storage
Sw = K(I - O)X
Wedge Storage
S = K[XI + (1-X)O]
Combined
Muskingum (cont...)
Substitute the Storage Equation
S = K[XI + (1-X)O]
S n 1 S n I n I n 1 Qn Qn 1
Dt
2
2
Outflow
O2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 O1
C0 = -
Kx - 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
C1 =
Kx + 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
C2 =
K - Kx - 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
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Muskingum Notes:
The method assumes a single stage-discharge
relationship
However, it is used to handle variable storagedischarge relationships
inflow exceeds outflow: positive wedge
outflow exceeds inflow: negative wedge
constant cross section channel: prism storage
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Estimation of K
K can be estimated as the travel time through the
reach.
This may pose somewhat of a difficulty, as the travel
time will obviously change with flow
The question may arise as to whether the travel time
should be estimated using the average flow, the peak
flow, or some other flow
The travel time may be estimated using the kinematic
travel time or a travel time based on Manning's
equation
Use slope of the [XI + (1-X)O vs S] plot
best X is the least looped
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Estimating X
The value of X should be between 0.0 and 0.5
The parameter X is a weighting coefficient for inflow and
outflow.
As inflow becomes less important, the value of X decreases
The lower limit of X = 0.0 is indicative of a situation where
inflow, I, has little or no effect on the storage
A reservoir is an example of a situation where attenuation
would be the dominant process
Values of X = 0.2 to 0.3 are the most common for natural
streams; however, values of 0.4 to 0.5 may be obtained for
streams with little or no flood plains or storage effects
A value of X = 0.5 represents equal weighting between inflow
and outflow and would produce translation with little or no
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attenuation
C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
C2O1
Outflow
3
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Kx - 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
Kx + 0.5Dt
C1 =
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
C1= ((1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.667
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C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
0.835
C2O1
2.00
0.501
Outflow
3
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C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
0.835
C2O1
2.00
0.501
Outflow
3
3.34
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C0I2
Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
3
5
10
8
6
5
C1I1
0.835
1.67
1.34
1.00
0.835
C2O1
2.00
3.34
6.67
5.34
4.00
3.34
0.501
0.557
0.93
1.49
1.31
1.03
Outflow
3
3.34
5.57
8.94
7.83
6.14
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Muskingum-Cunge
Muskingum-Cunge formulation is similar to the
Muskingum type formulation
The Muskingum-Cunge derivation begins with the
continuity equation and includes the diffusion
form of the momentum equation
These equations are combined and linearised
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m 2 cq Lat
t x
x
2
where:
Q
=
t
=
x
=
qLat =
c
=
m
=
discharge
time
distance along channel
lateral inflow
wave celerity
hydraulic diffusivity
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Muskingum-Cunge, cont...
Method attempts to account for diffusion by taking into
account channel and flow characteristics
Hydraulic diffusivity is derived to be :
Q
m
2 BS O
The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :
dQ
C
dA
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Solution of Muskingum-Cunge
Dt
+ 2x
k
C1 =
Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k
C2 =
Dt
- 2x
k
Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k
n+1
j +1
n
j
C4 =
n
j+1
= C1 Q + C 2 Q + C 3 Q + C 4 QL
2(1 - x) C3 =
n+1
j
Dt
k
Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k
Dt
2
Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k
t
X
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Calculation of K & X
Dx
k=
c
1
Q
X 1
2 BS O cDx
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Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Muskingum-Cunge formulation is considered an approximate
solution of the convective diffusion equation
As such it may account for wave attenuation, but not for
reverse flow and backwater effects and not for fast rising
hydrographs
Properly applied, the method is non-linear in that the flow
properties and routing coefficients are re-calculated at each
time and distance step
Often, an iterative 4-point scheme is used for the solution.
Care should be taken when choosing the computation
interval, as the computation interval may be longer than the
time it takes for the wave to travel the reach distance
Rules exist for selecting time and distance steps
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Channel Routing
Example
Muskingum-Cunge Example
The hydrograph at the upstream
end of a river is given in the
following table. The reach of
interest is 18 km long. Using a
subreach length Dx of 6 km,
determine the hydrograph at the
end of the reach using the
Muskingum-Cunge
method.
Assume c = 2 m/s, B = 25.3 m, So
= 0.001 m and no lateral flow.
3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147
9
150
10
146
11
129
12
105
13
78
14
59
15
45
16
33
17
24
18
17
19
12
20
10
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
First, K must be determined
K is equal to:
Dx
K
c
6km 1000m / km
K
3000 seconds
2m / s
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
The next step is to determine x
1
Q
x 1
2 BS O cDx
All the variables are known, with B = 25.3 m,
So = 0.001 and Dx =6000 m, and using the
peak Q taken from the table
1
150m3 / s
0.253
x 1
3
2 (25.3)(0.001)(2)(6000)m / s
3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
150
146
129
105
78
59
45
33
24
17
12
10
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
If there is no lateral flow, QL = 0. Then, the
equation can be simplified to:
n 1
j 1
C1Q C2Q
n
j
n 1
j
C3Q
n
j 1
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
A table can then be created in 2 hour time steps similar to the
one below:
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
18
20
22
24
26
28
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
12 km
18 km
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
It is assumed at time zero, the flow is 10 m3/s at each distance
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
12 km
10
18 km
10
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
Next, zero is substituted into for each letter to solve the equation
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
Using the table, the quantities can be determined
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
12 km
10
18 km
10
Q00
10
Q 18
Q10 10
1
0
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
13.89
12 km
10
18 km
10
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Muskingum-Cunge Example
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10
6 km
10
13.89
34.51
12 km
10
18 km
10
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Reservoir Routing
Required Information
Inflow hydrograph
Outflow hydrograph
Surcharge Storage vs Water Level graph
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Inflow-Storage-Discharge (ISD)
Step 1: At first, a suitable time interval Dt is chosen and a
curve is prepared between elevation as Ordinate and [2S/Dt
+ O] as abscissa. The time interval is usually taken as 0.20
to 0.40 times the time of the rise of the inflow hydrograph.
From the same plot, a curve between outflow rates and
elevation can be drawn.
Step 2: At the start of the routing, the terms on the L.H.S. of
Eq. (3) are known and [2S2/Dt + O2] is computed.
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Inflow-Storage-Discharge (ISD)
Step 4: Step 3: For the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] computed in
Step 2, the value of elevation is determined from [2S/Dt + O]
vs Elevation curve and O2 from Outflow vs Elevation curve.
Step 5: Then the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] by deducting 2O2 is
determined from [2S2/Dt + O2]
(I2 + I3) + [2S2/Dt - O2] = [2S3/Dt + O3]
Step 6: The above procedures are repeated till the entire
inflow hydrograph is routed.
Step 7: Finally, the maximum water level and the maximum
outflow rate are determined. Also the outflow hydrograph is
drawn.
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Modified Puls
The Modified Puls routing method is most
often applied to reservoir routing
storage related to outflow
The method may also be applied to river
routing for certain channel situations
The Modified Puls method is also referred to
as the Storage-Indication method
As a hydrologic method, the Modified Puls
equation is described by considering the
discrete continuity equation...
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Dt
2
2
Re-writing (substituting O for Q to follow convention)
2S n
2S n1
I n I n1
On
On 1
Dt
Dt
Discharge (cfs)
120
90
60
30
0
0
10
Time (hr)
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In
(cfs)
In+In+1
(cfs)
On+1
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
In+In+1
(cfs)
On+1
(cfs)
Time
(hr)
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
10
Time (hr)
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In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
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In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
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The 2Sn/Dt + On+1 column can then be calculated using the following
equation:
2 S1
2S
- O1 = 2 + O2
I1+ I 2 +
Dt
Dt
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
30 + 0 = 2Sn/Dt + On+1
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In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
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In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
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In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18
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In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0
On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18
32
43
52
58
63
65
65
64
62
58
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Introduction
Water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric project
drawing water from a stream may be unable to satisfy
the demands during low flows.
Storage reservoir can retain excess water from
periods of high flow for using during periods of
drought.
Storage flood water may also reduce flood damage at
the down stream
Main function of the reservoir is to stabilise the flow
of water either by regulating varying supply in a
natural stream or to satisfy a varying demand b the
ultimate consumers.
Establishment of Purposes
Single/Multiple
Basic Investigation
Collecting Data
Collecting Data
Basic Investigation
Not Feasible
Preliminary Study
Overall Evaluation
Feasible
Determination of
Basic Plan
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Reservoir Storage
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Topographic Map
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Characteristics of Reservoir
Reservoir Parameters
Unit
At 100 m At 80 m At 60 m
Height
40
20
Catchment Area
ha
1,000
1,000
1,000
Impounded Area
ha
269
42
5.4
Crest Elevation
100
80
60
Active Height
43
20
Crest Length
560
340
160
Mm3
115.67
18.30
0.64
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Elevation (m)
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Storage (Mm3)
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800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
15
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
Storage (Mm3)
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End
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