Thermal Insulation, Sound Insulation and Fire
Thermal Insulation, Sound Insulation and Fire
Thermal Insulation, Sound Insulation and Fire
• Fibrous type is made from mineral wool, rock, glass or slag wool, or
vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.
• Granular insulations are made from expanded minerals such as perlite
and vermicullite or from ground vegetable matter such as granulated
cork.
SPRAYED-ON INSULATİON
• Produced by mixing some
fibrous or cellular
material with an
adhesive and blowing the
mixture on to the surface
to be insulated.
• Areas that are difficult to
be insulated are treated
in this manner (shape,
location, etc.).
• It can provide
homeowners with an
airtight and gap-free
barrier, one that not only
resists moisture but also
adheres to all types of
surfaces.
• It performs exactly as intended and can help lower the homeowner’s utility costs
because it is so effective in its insulating capabilities.
• Once the material is dry, it can provide homeowners with impressive thermal
protection, sometimes even strengthening the space between walls and floorboards
as well.
• This type of insulation is usually applied to ceilings, floors, attics, walls and
basements.
• It can reduce all types of infiltration, including air, moisture and allergen. Because of
how water-resistant this material is, it does not develop mold easily, and its rigid shape
makes sure that it will stay inside of the walls as installed.
FOAMED-İN PLACE INSULATİON
• Made from synthetic liquid resins,
isocyanate and polyol resin, which react
when mixed with each other and expand
up to 30-60 times its liquid volume after it
is sprayed in place.
• They are composed of metallic or other special surfaces with or without some type
of backing.
• Unlike others, reflective insulations rely on their surface characteristics, thickness
of air space, temperature differences etc. for their insulating value.
• have high reflectivity and low emissivity, thus offering high heat resistance. It
consist of gypsum boards, steel sheet, aluminium foils, etc
2. ACOUSTİCS AND SOUND
INSULATION
• Acoustics is the science of sound, which deals with origin, propagation and
auditory sensation of sound and also with the design of different building units
to set optimum conditions for producing and listening speech, music etc.
• SOUND IS TRANSMITTED IN THE FORM OF WAVES WHICH ARE A SERIES OF
COMPRESSIONS AND REVERBERATONS CREATED IN THE MEDIUM THROUGH
WHICH IT TRAVELLS.
BEHAVIOUR OF SOUND IN
ENCLOSURES:
1) some of the sound is reflected back
in the room
2) some of the sound energy is
absorbed by the surface and listeners
Sound reduction
SOUND ABSORBANTS
The special materials used on the boundary surfaces to
increase absorption are known as absorbants. CEILING is
generally more exposed to direct sound waves than any other
surfaces, and is usually the largest single area available for
treatment.
PRINCIPLES AND FACTORS IN ACOUSTICAL
DESIGN:
1) SITE SELECTION
2) DIMENSIONS
3) SHAPE
4) SEATS AND SEATING ARRANGEMENT
5) TREATMENT OF INTERIOR SURFACES
6) REVERBERATION AND SOUND ABSORPTION
Sound ray diagram of New National Theatre, Tokyo
Concert halls demand very careful
acoustical analysis
SOUND INSULATION is necessary in order to;
This consist of providing thin concrete screed as the RCC floor slab
and then providing soft floor finish or covering of resilient material
such as linolium, insulation board, cork, asphalt mastic, carpet etc.
This provision helps to damp the impact noises but has no
appreciable effect on air-borne sound. it can be used for 5-10 dB
sound insulation result.
3) TIMBER FLOOR FLOATING CONSTRUCTION:
1)in case of floors constructed of wooden joist, the problem of sound insulation
becomes more difficult perticularly in the presence of heavy mechanical
impact sound.
2) in this type of insulation emplying mineral or glass wool quilt for isolation
purposes.
3) resilient mounting may be used to obtain even more satisfactory results.
4) for optimum result can be achieved in such a floor by employing a pugging
or deadening material in the air space between the wood joist
4)either sound absorbent type material like mineral wool or other material like
sand or
5)Ashes may be used the later are more effective because of the fact that the
efficiency of pugging depends on the weight of the material used.
4) TIMBER FLOOR WITH SUSPENDED CEILING
AND AIR SPACE:
4) TIMBER FLOOR WITH SUSPENDED CEILING
AND AIR SPACE:
CEILINGS
• They are made from wood, cane, or asbestos fibers, matted and bonded into
sheets of various thickness (5-32 mm).
• The sheets are cut into tiles of several sizes. Edges may be square cut, or
tongue-and-grooved.
A wider interpretation of fire safety may be deemed to cover the following aspects:
Fire prevention and reduction of number of outbreaks of fire,
Spread of fire, both internally and externally,
Safe exit of any and all occupants in the event of an out-break of fire, and
Fire extinguishing apparatus.
PROPERTIES OF FIRE RESISTING MATERIALS
An ideal fire resisting material should possess the
following characteristics:
• COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS:
Combustible materials are those which, during fire,
combine exothermically with oxygen, resulting in
evolution of lot of heat and giving rise to flame or glow.
Such materials burn and also contribute to the growth
of fire.
Examples of these materials are: wood and wood
products, fibreboard, straw board etc.
FIRE RESISTING PROPERTIES OF
COMMON MATERIALS
STONE
• Stone is a non-combustible building material and also a bad conductor of heat and does
not contribute to the spread of fire.
• It is a bad fire-resisting material since it is liable to disintegrate into small pieces when
heated and suddenly cooled, giving rise to failure of structure.
• Granite, on exposure to severe heat, explodes and disintegrates.
• Sand stone of compact composition (fine grained) can, however, stand the exposure to
moderate fire without serious cracks.
• In general, the use of stone in a fire-resisting construction should be restricted to a
minimum.
BRICKS
• Brick is a poor conductor of heat.
• First class bricks moulded from good clay can stand exposure to fire for a considerable length
of time, upto temperatures of about 1200°C.
• Brick masonry construction, with good mortar and better workmanship, is the most suitable
for safeguarding the structure against fire hazards.
CONCRETE
• Concrete offers a much higher resistance to fire than any other building material.
Reinforced concrete structures can withstand fire lasting for several hours with a
temperature of 1000°C without serious damage.
• The behavior of concrete during exposure to heat varies with the nature of coarse aggregate
and its density, and the quality of cement.
• Aggregates expand on heating while ordinary cement shrinks on heating.
• These two opposite actions may lead to spalling of the concrete surface. Aggregates obtained
from igneous rocks containing higher calcareous content, tend to crack more while the
aggregates like foamed slag, cinder and bricks are better.
STEEL
• Though steel is non-combustible, it has very low fire resistance, since it is a good conductor of heat.
• During fire, it gets heated very soon, its modulus of elasticity reduces and it looses its tensile
strength rapidly.
• Unprotected steel beam sags and unprotected columns or struts buckle, resulting in the collapse of
structures.
GLASS
• Glass is poor conductor of heat, and its thermal expansion is also less.
• When it is heated and then suddenly cooled, cracks are formed.
• These cracks can be minimized if glass is reinforced with steel wire netting.
• Reinforced glass is more fire resistant, and can resist variations in temperature without serious
cracks.
• Rein- forced glass has higher melting point. Even if cracks are formed, the embedded wires hold
the cracked portion in position.
• Commonly used for fire-resisting doors, windows, done skylights, etc.
TIMBER
PLASTER OR MORTAR
• Plaster is non-combustible. Hence it should be used to protect walls and ceilings against fire risk.
• Cement plaster is better than lime plaster since the latter is likely to be calcined during fire.
• Using it in thick layers or reinforcing it with metal laths can increase the fire-resistance of plaster.
• Gypsum plaster, when used over structural steel members, makes them better fire-resistant.
FIRE Resistant construction
A) WALL AND COLUMNS:
1)Load bearing walls or columns of masonry should be thicker in section
so that they may successfully act as fire barrier for passage of fire and
heat for a considerable time.
2) If the construction of solid bearing walls, bricks should be preferred to
stones in case of Framed structure RCC FRAMES are preferred to Steel
frames.
2) Flooring of material like concrete, ceramic tiles and bricks is regarded to be most
suitable from the view point of fire resisting qualities. Use of Terrazzo, Marble and
slate as floor surfaces is also quite satisfactory.
In case of combustible materials like wood, cast –iron, rubber, Linoleum cork, carpet
etc. in flooring becomes unavoidable due to financial or practical considerations
then the following points should be given due consideration:
4a) In case of wooden joist floors, joist at a greater spacing should be used to limit the
deflection within allowable limits in the event of fire.
4b) Fire stops or barriers in wooden floors should be provided at suitable intervals.
5) While using combustible materials ,like cast iron, wrought iron , cork , carpet etc
they should be protected by covering of insulating materials like ceramics tiles, plaster,
Terra-cotta, bricks etc.
6) For fire –resisting of roofs the flat roof construction should be preferred to slopping
roofs or pitched roofs.
WALL OPENINGS
• From the point of view of fire spread, openings in the walls should be a bare
minimum.
• Openings serve means of escape. Hence these should be properly protected by
suitable arrangements, in case of fire.
• Doors and windows should be made of steel. Fire-resistant doors can be obtained
by fixing steel plates to both the sides of the door.
• Wire-glass panels are preferred for windows.
• Rolling shutter doors should be used for garages, godowns, shops etc.
• In case of timber doors, minimum thickness of door leaf should be 4 cm. and that
of door frame as 8 to 10 cm.
• All escape doors should be such as to provide free circulation to the persons in
passages, lobbies, corridors, stairs etc., and should be made of fire proofing
material.
STRONG ROOM CONSTRUCTION
• A strong room construction is found to be useful in case of safe deposit vaults in
banks, Following are the important features of construction:
• The walls, doors and ceilings of a strong room are made of atleast 30 cm thick
cement concrete. If thin R.C.C. walls are used, they should have a covering of
bricks or terra cotta and then suitably plastered with fire-resistant plaster .
• Doors and windows are well anchored to concrete walls by large number of steel
holdfasts longer in length.
• Doors and windows should be fireproof. It is preferable to have double fireproof
door.
• Windows and ventilators should be covered by special grills made of 20 mm steel
square bars. These grills should be well fixed to concrete walls by means of long
steel holdfasts.