PAINTS

PAINTING WORKS
METHODOLOGY
SAFETY & HEALTH REQUIREMENTS

METHODOLOGY
PAINTING PROCEDURE
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
PREPARATION FOR PAINTING WORKS

METHODOLOGY
APPLICATION OF PAINTING
PAINTING DEFECTS
PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly

prepared surface wears by gradual “chalking” and
maintains a smooth, tough and durable film that
constitutes a satisfactory surface for repainting.
Such a paint film will remain an effective protective

coating for a period of three to five years depending
upon the locality and the characteristics of the original
surface. It requires little treatment beyond surface
dusting in preparation for repainting.
Defective paint behavior and surface failures, on the

other hand, are traceable to three main causes:
1. Improper paint formulation.
2. Inadequate surface preparation and careless
application.
3. Faulty construction or building materials
Film defects may result from one or any combination
of these. The following are the various paint defects,
their causes, prevention
a. Excessive or premature chalking
• evidenced by surface
dusting and rapid
thinning of the film,
sometimes to bare
wood.
• caused by improper
formulation or paint
application.
• too high a percentage

of volatile thinner forms
a porous film subject
has completely worn
away.
a. Excessive or premature chalking
• too high a percentage of volatile thinner forms a
porous film subject has completely worn away.
• May be prevented by strict adherence to high

standards of paint formulation and application.
b. Sagging and running
• marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an

otherwise smooth finish film.
• cause is usually paint formulation with too low a

pigment volume, or too heavy and careless an
application of a thin-consistency paint. It occurs
sometimes when repainting an interior if an
original gloss surface has not been cut by light
sanding.
• Cure of condition necessitates sanding the

irregularities and repainting. Prevention involves
maintaining proper proportions of pigment and
linseed oil as to formulation and careful brushing
of properly thinned paint as to application
c. Storm spotting
• usually occurring after
continuous rains and
electric storms, are
characterized by
unsightly and irregular
color changes.
• Rain sometimes absorbs

nitrates and peroxides
formed by electrical
discharges and
penetrates the paint film,
changing the refractive
index of the coating.
• Cure of condition can sometimes be
accomplished by rubbing spots with alcohol.
Subsequent weathering usually restores the
original color within a month or two.
d. Washing
• is characterized by streaking on the surface,

fading color, the final exposure of the original
surface and accumulation of pigment particles
below the painted area.
• caused by water-soluble compounds in

pigments of poor paints or soluble compounds
which develop by chemical reactions in the paint
are dissolved during rain storms and wash out of
the film.
• also when paints are applied during periods of

high humidity and low temperatures, the film
structure may be injured during the drying
period.
e. Stains
• are surface discolorations which often

disappear gradually as the paint film wears.
Sometimes, however, they go through the
film necessitating its removal and
subsequent repainting.
• Metal stains are sometimes caused by water

dripping from exposed metal.
• Prevention involves coating metal.

Galvanized iron should be painted with
metallic zinc dust in spar varnish or paint
containing zinc oxide.
e. Stains
• Mildew stains are caused by air-borne

fungi that feed on oil and multiply rapidly.
They cannot be easily removed. Old
growth should be removed before
repainting by washing with 1 lb. of tri-
sodium phosphate or sodium carbonate in
1 gallon of water.
• For prevention, the paint can be treated

with about 1/4 oz. of mercuric chloride per
gallon.
f. Checking
• characterized by minute cracks on the surface of elastic paint films.

Usually it is not a serious film defect, for checks do not extend
through the film.
• cause is improper application or improper formulation of

undercoats. The finish film is applied over a body coat not quite
enough for a proper foundation. Unequal tensions occur in drying
and small surface checks result.
• cure of condition involves wire brushing affected areas and

repainting if checking does not disappear under influence of normal
wear.
• prevention involves allowance of sufficient drying time between

coats and formulation of the body coat with a minimum amount of
oil in order to develop a hard foundation for finish
g. Alligatoring
• an advance state of checking, varying in degree to

a coarse texturing of the finish film.
• cause involves application of a harder drying finish

over soft or slow-drying under-coats. As in
checking, poor formulation with too much linseed
oil in the priming or body coat may result in
alligatoring.
• cure of condition, if extensive, requires removal of

the film and repainting.
• prevention necessitates precautions noted above

to prevent checking
h. Cracking and scaling
• characterized by irregular cracks that subsequently

curl at the edge, flake and finally scale off. Over
wood, scaling is usually most marked in direction of
or across the grain.
• cracking is a wear characteristic of hard-drying

paints that contain large proportions of zinc oxide
pigment.
• scaling comes from the water pressure when

moisture seeps through the crack to the original
surface. The condition is common to any surface
coated with paint improperly formulated to withstand
local conditions.
h. Cracking and scaling
• cure of condition at an early stage requires

vigorous brushing and recoating with a less
brittle film.
• prevention involves formulation to produce

a tougher, more elastic film. Usually this
means an increased percentage of white
lead.
i. Blistering and Peeling
• characterized by swelling of the entire film which is

usually followed by a break in the film and
subsequent peeling.
• cause is water pressure from behind the film due

to faulty construction that allows moisture seepage
or abnormal condensation. This is a mechanical
damage that may occur whatever the type or
quality of paint used.
• sometimes also results

also when damp surfaces
are covered by quick-
drying paints.
• This type of damage may

be evident on wood,
stucco or masonry
surfaces .
i. Blistering and Peeling
• cure of condition requires complete

removal of the paint and repainting as for
new work.
• prevention necessitates permanent

removal of the moisture sources, often
involving extensive repairs and
waterproofing.
j. Spot fading
characterized by color changes and flatting of gloss

in irregular patches on the film.
cause is from uneven oil absorption, usually a result

of insufficient coats or a priming coat improperly
formulated to penetrate and adequately seal surface
pores. It may be emphasized when “skimping” is
attempted, that is, application of two coats when
three are needed, or the use of a cheaply formulated
paint.
cure of condition is repainting.
prevention requires merely the exercise of proper

painting technique.
k. Wrinkling
not to be confused with alligatoring, is marked by a

tough, leather-like texturing.
cause is usually when paint is put on too thickly and

not well brushed out and may be contributed to by
formulation if too high a proportion of oil is used in
finish coats.
cure of condition requires only sanding and

repainting if texture is slight. Otherwise, film removal
is indicated with subsequent painting as for new
work .
prevention requires strict adherence to high

standards of paint formulation and thorough brushing
out in application
PUNCHLIST
TOLERANCE

PAINTS

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PAINTING WORKS

SAFETY & HEALTH REQUIREMENTS

PREPARATION FOR PAINTING WORKS

Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly

Such a paint film will remain an effective protective

Defective paint behavior and surface failures, on the

• too high a percentage

• May be prevented by strict adherence to high

b. Sagging and running

• marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an

• cause is usually paint formulation with too low a

• Cure of condition necessitates sanding the

• Rain sometimes absorbs

• is characterized by streaking on the surface,

• caused by water-soluble compounds in

• also when paints are applied during periods of

• are surface discolorations which often

• Metal stains are sometimes caused by water

• Prevention involves coating metal.

• Mildew stains are caused by air-borne

• For prevention, the paint can be treated

• characterized by minute cracks on the surface of elastic paint films.

• cause is improper application or improper formulation of

• cure of condition involves wire brushing affected areas and

• prevention involves allowance of sufficient drying time between

• an advance state of checking, varying in degree to

• cause involves application of a harder drying finish

• cure of condition, if extensive, requires removal of

• prevention necessitates precautions noted above

• characterized by irregular cracks that subsequently

• cracking is a wear characteristic of hard-drying

• scaling comes from the water pressure when

h. Cracking and scaling

• cure of condition at an early stage requires

• prevention involves formulation to produce

• characterized by swelling of the entire film which is

• cause is water pressure from behind the film due

• sometimes also results

• This type of damage may

i. Blistering and Peeling

• cure of condition requires complete

• prevention necessitates permanent

characterized by color changes and flatting of gloss

cause is from uneven oil absorption, usually a result

cure of condition is repainting.

prevention requires merely the exercise of proper

not to be confused with alligatoring, is marked by a

cause is usually when paint is put on too thickly and

cure of condition requires only sanding and

prevention requires strict adherence to high

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