RATIONALIZATION + REFRESHER COURSE

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
JANUARY 2015 ALE
CURRENT TRENDS
Building Technology (100-120 questions)
▪ Types of paints and its applications
▪ Types of Joints (dado, miter joint etc)
▪ Concrete mixture/proportion (Class A, B C)
▪ Types of windows (bay, hopper, awning etc)
▪ Types of glass (insulated, plate, float etc)
▪ Bar size and it corresponding number (no. 6 bars)
▪ Flooring material application (ceramic, granite, marble)
▪ Types of roofing (butterfly, shed etc)
▪ Types of roofing material ( shingles, GI etc)
▪ Tagalog terms (biga, soleras, barakilan etc)
▪ Wall finishes (plaster, float trowel etc)
▪ Water proofing applications
▪ Basic estimates
▪ Wood defects
PAINT FINISHES
LATEX (for concrete)
a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used
for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
ACRYLIC LATEX (for timber &concrete)
a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used
for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
ENAMEL (for timber)
paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the
ability of levelling brush marks, are more resistant to
washing and rough usage, and have a harder and
tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi
glossy or matt finish.
RED OXIDE (for steel to prvent rust)
protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types:
- priming paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate;
- finish paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.

ELASTOMERIC- for water proofing of firewall

EPOXY- basement parking

7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
Film defects may result from one or any combination
of these. The following are the various paint defects,
their causes, prevention
a. Excessive or premature chalking

• evidenced by surface
dusting and rapid
thinning of the film,
sometimes to bare
wood.
• caused by improper
formulation or paint
application.
• too high a percentage
of volatile thinner forms
a porous film subject
has completely worn
away.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
a. Excessive or premature chalking
• too high a percentage of volatile thinner forms a
porous film subject has completely worn away.

• May be prevented by strict adherence to high

standards of paint formulation and application.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
b. Sagging and running

• marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an

otherwise smooth finish film.

• cause is usually paint formulation with

too low a pigment volume, or too heavy
and careless an application of a thin-consistency
paint. It occurs sometimes when repainting an
interior if an original gloss surface has not been
cut by light sanding.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
c. Storm spotting
• usually occurring after
continuous rains and
electric storms, are
characterized by
unsightly and irregular
color changes.

• Rain sometimes absorbs

nitrates and peroxides
formed by electrical
discharges and
penetrates the paint film,
changing the refractive
index of the coating.

• Cure of condition can sometimes be

accomplished by rubbing spots with alcohol.
Subsequent weathering usually restores the
original color within a month or two.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
d. Washing

• is characterized by streaking on the surface, fading

color, the final exposure of the original surface and
accumulation of pigment particles below the painted
area.

• caused by water-soluble compounds in

pigments of poor paints or soluble compounds
which develop by chemical reactions in the paint are
dissolved during rain storms and wash out of the film.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
e. Stains

• are surface discolorations which often disappear

gradually as the paint film wears. Sometimes,
however, they go through the film necessitating
its removal and subsequent repainting.

• Metal stains are sometimes caused by water

dripping from exposed metal.

• Prevention involves coating metal. Galvanized

iron should be painted with metallic zinc dust in
spar varnish or paint containing zinc oxide.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
e. Stains

• Mildew stains are caused by air-borne

fungi that feed on oil and multiply rapidly. They
cannot be easily removed. Old growth should be
removed before repainting by washing with 1 lb.
of tri-sodium phosphate or sodium carbonate in
1 gallon of water.

• For prevention, the paint can be treated with

about 1/4 oz. of mercuric chloride per gallon.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
f. Checking

• characterized by minute cracks on the surface of

elastic paint films. Usually it is not a serious film
defect, for checks do not extend through the film.

• cause is improper application or improper

formulation of undercoats. The finish film is
applied over a body coat not quite enough for a
proper foundation. Unequal tensions occur in drying
and small surface checks result.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
g. Alligatoring

• an advance state of checking, varying in degree to

a coarse texturing of the finish film.

• cause involves application of a harder

drying finish over soft or slow-drying
under-coats. As in checking, poor formulation
with too much linseed oil in the priming or body
coat may result in alligatoring.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
h. Cracking and scaling
• characterized by irregular cracks that subsequently
curl at the edge, flake and finally scale off. Over
wood, scaling is usually most marked in direction
of or across the grain.

• cracking is a wear characteristic of hard-drying

paints that contain large proportions of zinc oxide
pigment.

• scaling comes from the water pressure when

moisture seeps through the crack to the original
surface. The condition is common to any surface
coated with paint improperly formulated to
withstand local conditions.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
h. Cracking and scaling

• cure of condition at an early stage requires

vigorous brushing and recoating with a less brittle
film.

• prevention involves formulation to produce a

tougher, more elastic film. Usually this means an
increased percentage of white lead.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
i. Blistering and Peeling
• characterized by swelling of the entire film which is
usually followed by a break in the film and
subsequent peeling.

• cause is water pressure from behind the

film due to faulty construction that allows moisture
seepage or abnormal condensation. This is a
mechanical damage that may occur whatever the
type or quality of paint used.
• sometimes also results
also when damp surfaces
are covered by quick-
drying paints.

• This type of damage may

be evident on wood,
stucco or masonry
surfaces .
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
j. Spot fading

characterized by color changes and flatting of gloss

in irregular patches on the film.

cause is from uneven oil absorption, usually a

result of insufficient coats or a priming coat
improperly formulated to penetrate and adequately
seal surface pores.
cure of condition is repainting.

prevention requires merely the exercise of proper

painting technique.
7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
k. Wrinkling

cause is usually when paint is put on too thickly

and not well brushed out and may be contributed to
by formulation if too high a proportion of oil is used in
finish coats.

cure of condition requires only sanding and

repainting if texture is slight. Otherwise, film removal
is indicated with subsequent painting as for new work
.
2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain

joint is used in very hasty
construction for temporary framing
and is made by lapping one piece
PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT
over the other and nailing then
together. It is not a very strong joint.
2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing
full thickness of wood directly against the second piece. The butt
end should be squared and the sides against which it butts
smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to each other.
The joint is toe-nailed.

END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE FINGER

SPLICE JOINT
3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do
not meet at right angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle
to fit the other and the two pieces nailed securely together.

Stop Chamfer
Easement
Joggle

Eased Edge
Dap

CHAMFER

4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)

5. Scarf Joint. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are
united to form a continuous piece; the mating surface may be
beveled, chamfered, notched, etc. before bolting, gluing, welding,
etc.

Scarf Joint – In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electrical cable in
which the ends are beveled before soldering.
 6. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building
wooden framework where great strength and rigidity are all
important. It is made by cutting a hole or mortise in one piece
and a tenon or tongue in the second piece to fit the hole in
the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other piece
or only part of the way.
Mortise

Stub Tenon

BLIND OPEN Through

MORTISE MORTISE Tenon MORTISE JOINT

CHASE Key
MORTISE
Undercut FOXTAIL
Tenon WEDGE
Haunched
Tenon
Articulate
BRIDLE JOINT
KEYED JOINT

DRAWBORE
7. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood
from each piece at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush.
The purpose of this type of joint is to maintain a level surface at the joint.

END-LAP CROSS-LAP MITERED HALVING

JOINT JOINT

8. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one
piece to receive the other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or
in shelf and drawer construction. Rabbet

RABBET JOINT
9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In
the dado joint a groove is made in one piece at right angles to the
grain of the other board. If nails are used, they are needed only at the
end piece since the grooveDadowill provide the necessary strength to hold
the other piece in place.
Stopped Dado

DADO JOINT
10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come
together at a corner. It is a finish joint and should not be used where
strength is an important requirement. It is made by cutting the two
ends at angles complementary to each other, usually 45°, and then
butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or
finishing nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.

MITER JOINT SHOULDER TONGUED COPED JOINT

quirk
MITER MITER
11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and
furniture work, is strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in
the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly
shaped in the other piece.

DOVETAIL SECRET LAP COMMON DOVETAIL JOINT

HALVING DOVETAIL DOVETAIL DOVETAIL

2. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of
moulding at right angles to the second piece.

Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and
grooved joint

ANGLE JOINT EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND SPLINE BUTTERFLY WEDGE

GROOVE
 VARIATIONS OF
MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when
combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension.
This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required
length and putting the halved sections together.

B. Splices for Tension

1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. It has an

extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination with
scabs or fishplates.

Square Splice – A type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate; esp. used to resist tension.
C. Splices for Bending

1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a

horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to
compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending
should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression
splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum
resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end, since
there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the tendency to pull
apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the bottom and bolted
securely

Fish Plate
Concrete proportion
Class A = 1: 2: 3
Class B = 1: 2.5: 5
Class C = 1: 3: 6
WINDOW TYPES BY OPERATION
Ventilation
Bay window?
FIXED 0%

CASEMENT 100 %

AWNING

HOPPER 100 %

SLIDING 50-66 %
28
WINDOW TYPES BY OPERATION

DOUBLE HUNG 50 %

JALOUSIE 100 %

PIVOTING 100 %

29
WINDOW ELEMENTS
WINDOW FRAMES

Head casing

Side casing

Casing Trim
head

Top rail
Stool

jamb Apron

Screen Unit
muntin May be on interior or
Drip cap or
bar exterior, depending
head casing
window operation
stile
Side casing
Wall Opening
Consult manufacturer for required
Exterior casing masonry of framed rough opening. Space
(not always Bottom is required at top, bottom, and sides to
used) Sill
rail allow for leveling of window unit.

SASH AND GLAZING CODE REQUIREMENTS

30
BAR SIZES & DIMENSIONS

12

18
 3. TILE FINISHES
3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH

Unglazed tiles are composed of the same ingredients

throughout and derive their color and texture from the
materials of which the body is made.

Glazed tiles have a glassy surface of ceramic materials

fused upon their face to give them a decorative
appearance and to make the surface impervious to
moisture.

3.03 GRANITE- slippery when dusty (expensive

but durable

3.04 MARBLE- not good for heavily traffic areas

4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH

Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful,

textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-
resistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of
both light and heavy human traffic.

It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and below-

grade floors.

Vinyl flooring should not be used:

- for exterior floor surfaces
- in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl
are used
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH

Advantages of rubber flooring are:

- It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of
thick cork tile;
- its color are more brilliant than those of other types.

Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap, oil

and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH

Linoleum can be divided

into five classifications:
- plain
- marbled
- spatter
- straight-line inlaid, &
- molded inlaid.

It is available in three
gauges:
- service (1/16”)
- standard (3/32”), and
- heavy (1/8”).

It comes in rolls 2’ and 6’ wide and up to 30 ft. in length,

and in 9”x9” tiles for plain and marbled
5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
5.02 PLANK FLOORING

This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards

8” or more in width as are commonly found in old
Spanish- period houses.

Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.

5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING

Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or

blocks which have been built up in several layers like
plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of
several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form
a tile.

This type of flooring may also be nailed to a wood

subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete subfloor.
ROOF TYPES
ROOFING
Ridge
Roof joist span

Roof joists
Valley
Dormer
Shed
Double trimmer
joist
Gable

Rake Eave

Lookout rafter Ridge

King rafter Hip

Valley
Soffit

Eave

FLAT ROOF ROOFTERMINOLOGY

Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs
The main components of a hip rafter framing system are:

Hip Rafter – form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof.
Jack Rafter – is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope, as
one meeting a hip or a valley.
Hip Jack Rafter – is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter.
Valley Jack – extend from a valley rafter to a ridge.
Valley Rafter – connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.
TRUSS SYSTEM

Panel Length
Peak

Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

Top Chord
Slope
Heel Pitch
Web

Bottom Chord Splice

Wedge Block
Bearing Point Panel Point
Span (Out to Out of Bearings) Cantilever
Overhang Bottom Chord Length
TYPES OF ROOF COVER
SHINGLES ROOFING
30 lb. felt underlayment

11” min; lap sections 4”

Center crimp
½” edge crimps
Spaced sheathing 3/3” to 5/3”
1 ½” min. offset Alternate overlap
2x exposure distance

6”
OPEN VALLEY
flashing to be aluminum
or 26 ga. Min. galv. Iron.
Double starter
course
36” wide For exposure,
starter strip See table on
Previous page HIP APPLICATION
for eave flashing
apply an additional
layer of 30 lb. Double starter course;
asphalt saturated project 1” to 1 ½” to
felt. form drip
2.12.5 COMMON TYPES OF ROOF COVER
TILE ROOFING
Ridge cover units
Cover starter

Gable rake unit

Tile roofing consists of clay or
concrete units which overlap or Field tiles
interlock to create
Cement mortar
A strong textural pattern. Like
slate, roofing tiles are fire
resistant, durable,
And require little maintenance.
Eave closure unit
CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING
Galvanized iron roofing may either be plain or corrugated. The thicknesses are
measured in terms of “gauge” from ga. 14 to ga. 30. Gauge 26 is the most
commonly used for roofing. The standard commercial size width is 0.80 m,
with length ranging from 1.50 m to 3.60 m.
Plain G.I. sheet commercial size is 0.90 m x 2.40 m. It is also used for roofing,
gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls, downspouts and straps for
riveting.
CLAY / CEMENT TILE ROOFING

Ridge cover units

Cover starter

Gable rake unit

Field tiles

Cement mortar

Eave closure unit

Tile roofing consists of clay or concrete

Units which overlap or interlock to create
A strong textural pattern. Like slate,
roofing tiles are fire resistant, durable,
And require little maintenance.
Four Types of Waterproofing
• Integral type – powder form waterproofing compound mixed with the
cement-aggregate mixture. For example one bag of integral
waterproofing compound, such as SAHARA or SAKURA is added to 98
kilos off Portland cement.
• Membrane type – a hot or cold membrane applied to the surface; for
example asphalt paper laid with hot asphalt or self sealing asphalt paper.
Examples from WR Grace Co. are BITUTHENE CP for toilet slabs and
BITUTHENE 3000 for roof decks; and ICE AND WATER SHIELD self-sealing
and self-adhering rubberized membrane for main entrance canopies
made of metal.
• Fluid type – a fluid applied elastomeric coating formulated to
waterproof and preserve the substrate of concrete, wood, and steel. The
wide temperature range, withstands extreme thermal movement,
settling and cracking; resists puncture and tearing; and can be applied by
roller, brush, spray or squeegee. Examples of exposed type liquid
membrane waterproofing from WR Grace are NEWFLEX and NEWFLEX
R100 for ledges.

• Cementitious type – powder form waterproofing compound mixed

with water and applied by brush to the surface to be waterproofed.
Examples from WR Grace are MORTASEAL and HYDRATITE for concrete
gutters, ledges
WATERPROOFING
Application Locations:

• Top of roof decks

• Top of concrete terraces, balconies, ledges and canopies
• Under-sheathing for wood shingle and tile roofing
• Interior surfaces of water tanks
• Exterior surfaces of concrete roof gutters
• Inside surfaces of plantboxes
• Kitchen floor
• Toilets
• Basement floor and walls
• Elevator pits
• Swimming pools and fish ponds
• Machine, mechanical and pump rooms
• Refrigeration and cold storage rooms
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods g. Warping - Any variation with
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification the plane surface of the piece
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
caused by unequal shrinkage of
2.04 Deterioration the board. There are several
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment forms of warp:
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Crook –a distortion of the board in
Stresses which the edge is convex or
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties concave longitudinal.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
Bow –a distortion of the
4.04 Fiberboard board in which the face is
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board convex or concave
4.05 Particle Board
longitudinal.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Cup –a distortion of the board in
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification which the face is convex or
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics
concave across the board.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM
AND FOAM Twist –a distortion of the board in
8. LAMINATES which one corner is raised.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL SIZE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure For Dimension Lumber:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 2 x 4 1½ x 3½
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD 2 x 6 1½ x 5½
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working 2 x 8 1½ x 7½
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 2 x 10 1½ x 8½
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES 2 x 12 1½ x 11½
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard For Board Lumber:
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board 1 x 4 ¾ x 3½
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board 1 x 6 ¾ x 5½
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings 1 x 8 ¾ x 7½
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE 1 x 10 ¾ x 9½
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics 1 x 12 ¾ x 11½
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Lumber is sold in lengths from 6’ up to 20’ in increments of
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification 2’. Special lengths greater than 20’ are also available but cost
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning more per board foot than the standard lengths.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
Lumber measure is the board foot which may be described
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD as the measure of a piece of wood 1” thick, 12” (or 1’) wide
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working and 12” (or 1’) long.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties Board Feet = Thickness (in.) x Width (in.) x Length (ft.)
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
12
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The process of removing moisture from green wood
2.01 Classification (wood from freshly-cut logs) is called seasoning. Seasoning
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning may done by:
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment a. AIR-DRYING in which the lumber is exposed to the air.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. KILN-DRYING in which warm moist air or superheated
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure steam is used to heat the wood and drive out moisture.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment The ideal condition in seasoning is for the moisture from the
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD interior of the wood to replace the surface moisture which
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working vaporizes. When the moisture from the surface escapes
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood faster than that which travels from the interior to the
3.04 Physical Properties surface, then there is equal drying in the board and if the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood difference in moisture content is big, shrinkage and then
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard stress in the wood develops, causing seasoning checks.
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure Wood Composites are those products made from a
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
mixture of wood and other materials. Most wood
2. LUMBER composites are produced in large sheets, usually
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure 1220mm (4’) x 2440mm (8’).
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
4.01 PLYWOOD
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Plywood is the most common
3.02 Allowable Working wood composite. It gets its name
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood from its construction: it is made of
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES several thin plies, or veneers, of
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
wood that have been glued
4.03 Chipboard together. Each ply or veneer is
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board glued so that its grain is at right
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board angles to the grain of the previous
5. MILLWORK ply.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE The outside plies are called the face and the back, and the
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
center plies are called the core. The cross-layering make
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics plywood very stable and strong.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM
AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.01 PLYWOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Coatings or layers of
2.02 Measure protective material over
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration the surface are good only
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment for interior purposes
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD because they are not
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working durable when exposed to
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood the weather.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard These are water-soluble, fire retardant chemicals generally
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
are trade-marked formulation of ammonium phosphate,
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
borax or sodium silicate combined with other materials to
4.05 Particle Board provide adherence to the wood, brush-ability, appearance
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
and color.
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE There are also chemicals with low water soluble such as zinc
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics borate, chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated rubber which
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics
are used for fire retardant coatings.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM
AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.02 HARDBOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods This is a paneling material
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification made by reducing and
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning refining wood chips into
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation small, threadlike fibers, and
2.06 Treatment
then pressing them under
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction heat in hydraulic pressure
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses into dense, smooth, and very
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
rigid panels.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood In the production process the pulp is exploded under pressure.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard Heat and steam is applied to leave fine, fluffy brown fibers.
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board These fibers are transformed into mats, which are held
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
together with lignum and other glues. The mats are than
5. MILLWORK pressed between steam-heated metal plates to give grainless
5.01 Mouldings sheets with one smooth, glossy surface and one textured
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE surface. To prevent warping, moisture is added in a
6.01 Classification humidification chamber.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.03 CHIPBOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Chipboard is made by bonding together wood particles
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification with an adhesive under heat and pressure to form a rigid
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
board with a relatively smooth surface, often faced with
2.04 Deterioration veneer. It is made by binding phenolic resin or urea
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment formaldehyde glue.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board Chipboard is available in a number of densities; normal,
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
medium and high-density.
6. PLASTICS IN - Normal density is fairly soft and 'flaky‘
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
- High-density is very solid and hard (often used for
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics
worktops and fire doors)
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM
AND FOAM - Medium density is somewhere in between
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.04 FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods MDF is a type of fiberboard which
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification is made from wood fibers glued
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
under heat and pressure. MDF
2.04 Deterioration has many qualities that make it an
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment ideal alternative to plywood or
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD chipboard.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood It is dense, flat, stiff, has no knots
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
and is easily machined. Its fine
4.01 Plywood particles provide a material
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard without a recognizable "grain".
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Unlike plywood, MDF contains no internal voids, and will
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification produce better edges providing that it is correctly machined.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.05 GYPSUM BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods This is a non-combustible building
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification board with a gypsum core
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
enclosed in tough, smooth paper.
2.04 Deterioration It is designed to be used without
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment addition of plaster for walls,
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD ceilings or partitions. It is
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working extensively used in “dry-wall”
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood construction, where plaster is
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
eliminated
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard Brand Names:
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard BORAL
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board ELEPHANT
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE Square Edge (S.E.) Tapered Edge (T.E.)
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics for coverstrip jointing; visible for smooth seamless
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics butt - jointed panelling with jointing; jointless wall and
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM clamp fixing and free ceiling panelling
AND FOAM suspension.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.06 FIBERCEMENT BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Fiber-reinforced cement board is comprised of 72%
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Portland Cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
from recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.07 PARTICLE BOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Particleboard is made of small wood chips and base
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure materials including cotton stalk, rice straw, bagasse,
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
conventional wood chips and sawdust that have been
2.05 Preservation pressed and glued together.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 5. MILLWORK
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure Millwork consists of finished lumber which is further cut and
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
processed at a lumber mill. Millwork includes doors,
2. LUMBER windows, mouldings, trim and other ornamental forms of
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure wood.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
5.01 TYPES OF WOOD MOULDINGS
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Types of wood mouldings are:
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses a. crown
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
b. bed
4. WOOD COMPOSITES c. cove
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard d. quarter-round
4.03 Chipboard e. half-round
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
f. nose and cove
4.05 Particle Board g. stop
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
h. astragal
6. PLASTICS IN i. Screen moulding
ARCHITECTURE j. panel strip
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics k. picture moulding
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics

7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM

AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
INTERIOR WOOD MOULDINGS

Interior trim is normally applied after the finish walls, ceiling, and
flooring are in place.
Cornice
CORNICES
Cornices are used to finish the joint between
ceilings and walls, especially when they are of Window casing
different materials.
Door Casing

DOOR AND WINDOW TRIM

Head and side jamb casings conceal and finish
the joint or gap between door and window
frames and the surrounding wall surface.
Stool
Apron
BASEBOARDS
Baseboards and base shoes conceal and finish
the joint between interior walls and the Baseboard
flooring.
 Top edge may be cut back to
INTERIOR WOOD MOULDINGS conceal any unevenness in
Ceiling.
Crown
molding Picture moldings are
Cornice Casing continuous projecting
supports for picture hooks.
Picture
molding
CORNICE

Inside corners of
Chair rails and dado shaped moldings are Cove
caps are used to cap coped Blocking
the top of wood panel
wainscots. Crown
molding
Base molding
Base molding
BUILT-UP CORNICE
Baseboard
Cupped back gives a wide
Base shoe trim a degree of flex and
allows it to neatly
Baseboard BASEBOARD against a wall surface.

Joints in long runs Flexible base shoe can

of trim are face conform to irregularities
mitered. in floor surface.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE
GLASS
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood SHEET GLASS- Inherent ware distortion is most
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard noticeable in the larger sizes and thicker sheets.
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board FLOAT GLASS- Flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
and eliminate the need for grinding and
6. PLASTICS IN polishing.
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics
PLATE GLASS- provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM
AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification GLASS
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects VARIATIONS OF THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF GLASS INCLUDE:
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification PATTERN GLASS- Translucent glass with linear or geometric
2.02 Measure patterns embossed on one or both sides.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation WIRE GLASS- Wire mesh or parallel wires are inserted into rolled
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD glass during manufacture.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses HEAT-ABSORBING OR TINTED GLASS- Tinted glass absorbs solar
3.03 Weights of Wood radiation.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS-transparent metal coating applied to
4.01 Plywood the glass surface reduces the solar energy
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard transmitted into the building.
4.04 Fiberboard TEMPERED GLASS- glass is heat-strengthened for increase
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board resistance to impact and thermal stresses
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings LAMINATED GLASS- a thin sheet of tough, transparent plastic is
6. PLASTICS IN laminated between two layers of glass.
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification INSULATING GLASS- two layers of glass are separated by a
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM insulation and restrict condensation.
AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
GLASS AND GLAZING
GLASS AND GLAZING
GLASS AND GLAZING
GLASS AND GLAZING
 Exterior wall panels
GLASS BLOCKS May not exceed 144 S.F.
in unsupported wall area
not 15’ in any
Glass block may be used in non-load dimension.
bearing exterior and interior walls,
and in conventionally framed window
openings. Interior wall panels
May not exceed 250 S.F.
in unsupported wall area
not 25’ in any
dimension.
Various surface
textures are available Vertical stiffeners and
as well as inserts and horizontal shelves can break
coatings to control larger wall areas into the
heat gain, glare, and required panel sizes. 3/16” inside jt.
brightness.
5/8” outside jt.
Curved wall
Square units: panels
6” x 6” should have expansion
8” x 8” joints at each change of
Square units: 12” x 12” direction.
4” for hollow units
Rectangular units: Minimum radii:
3” for solid 4” x 8” 6” glass block – 4’
6” x 8”
units DIMENSIONS:
NOMINAL 8” glass block – 6’
Includes the thickness of
12” glass block – 8’
¼” mortar joints
 GLASS BLOCK DETAILS

Steel beam Steel beam anchored Header

Exp.strip into concrete Wood trim

Steel angles Anchor in dovetail

1” min.lap 1” lap anchor slots @
1” min. Sealant 2’o.c.
lap ceiling

Head Sections: All for deflection of lintel or beam Stiffener @ Slab Edge
1” min. lap
Sealant
Exp. strip

Expansion strip Metal panel Sealant Anchor welded to

Extend metal anchor Steel beam slot cast anchors steel column
into masonry into concrete screwed to
jambs
Jamb Sections: Expansion joints Stiffener @ Column

Caulk Prime Asphalt emulsion

wood w/ Angle
Masonry Asphalt asphalt
base emulsion emulsion Steel channel
Exp. strip

Sill sections: Mortared joints Shelf support

 ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEMS
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems

Suspended Light
ARCHITECTURAL FINISHING SYSTEMS
5.1
Gauge Ceiling System
5.1 SUSPENDED LIGHT GAUGE CEILING SYSTEM
Raised Floor Systems
(Access Floors)

Light-Gauge Steel

Metal Cladding
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems

Suspended Light
5.1
Gauge Ceiling System

Raised Floor Systems

(Access Floors)

Light-Gauge Steel

Metal Cladding
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems
5.2 RAISED FLOOR SYSTEMS (ACCESS FLOORS)
Suspended Light
Gauge Ceiling System

Raised Floor Systems

5.2
(Access Floors)

Light-Gauge Steel

Metal Cladding
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems

Suspended Light
Gauge Ceiling System

Raised Floor Systems

5.2
(Access Floors)

Light-Gauge Steel

Metal Cladding
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems

Suspended Light
Gauge Ceiling System

Raised Floor Systems

5.2
(Access Floors)

Light-Gauge Steel

Metal Cladding
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems 5.3 LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL STUDS
Suspended Light Horizontal channel bracing
Gauge Ceiling System Walls less than 10’ (3050) high: Light-gauge steel studs
• 2 rows @ 1/3 height for vertical loads @ 12”, 16” or 24” (305,
Raised Floor Systems • 1 row @ mid-height for wind loads
(Access Floors) 405 or 610) o.c.
Walls over 10’ (3050) high:
• 3’-4” (1015) o.c. maximum for vertical
Light-Gauge Steel 5.3 loads
• 5’-0” (1525) o.c. maximum for wind Continuous runner
Metal Cladding loads channel
Diagonal steel
strap bracing
welded to studs Light-gauge steel stud
and runners assembly @ corners
Secure strap
connection to
stud and runner
with a steel
gusset plate or
welds
Angle clip
welded to stud
and bolted
foundation

Splice runner sections

with a stud section
Architectural Finishing
5.0
Systems

Suspended Light
Gauge Ceiling System
Light-gauge stud walls are framed,
sheathed, insulated and finished as in
Raised Floor Systems
Channel studs wood light frame construction
(Access Floors)

Light-Gauge Steel 5.3 Light-gauge steel studs are Connections are made with
usually prepunched to self-drilling, self-tapping
Metal Cladding C-Studs allow piping, wiring and screws inserted with an
bracing to pass through electric or pneumatic tool or
Consult manufacturer for with pneumatically driven
specific shapes and pins
available sizes and gauges

1”, 1-3/8” (25, 35) thick

2-1/2”, 3-1/4”, 3-5/8”, 4”, 6”

(64, 85, 90, 100, 150) wide

1-1/4”, 1-3/8”, 1-1/2”, 1-

5/8” (32, 35, 38, 41) thick
2-1/2”, 3”, 3-1/2”, 3-5/8”, 4”, 5-1/2”, 6”, 7-1/2”,
8” (64, 75, 90, 100, 140, 150, 190, 205) wide
Architectural Finishing Light-gauge steel studs
5.0
Systems
Continuous runner channel
Suspended Light Light gauge steel joists
Gauge Ceiling System

Raised Floor Systems

(Access Floors)
Overhang possible
Web stiffeners
Light-Gauge Steel 5.3
Continuous runner
Metal Cladding Perimeter channel

Light-gauge steel studs @ 12”,

16” or 24” (305, 405 or 610) o.c.
Exterior wall sheathing and
finish
Horizontal channel bracing

Continuous runner channel

Light-gauge steel joists
Perimeter channel fastened
to web stiffeners and clip Web stiffener
angles

Clip angle anchor bolted to

concrete foundation wall
FAMILIARIZE THE FOLLOWING:

MEMORIZE ALL TAGALOG TERMS IN

CONSTRUCTION

BASIC ESTIMATES, BAGS OF

CEMENT , CHB, PAINTS AND TILES
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Past Board Exam Questions (ALE June 2014):
Part 1 Past Board Exam Questions:
THE END