RENEWABLE ENERGY-Wind
RENEWABLE ENERGY-Wind
RENEWABLE ENERGY-Wind
WIND
Green Energy for ever
and
for Every one
By Phani Kumar
synopsis
Introduction
Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
Wind power conversion tech
Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
Introduction
Wind is being used by man from years together for
different purposes like grinding, water pumping,
yachting …etc
Perhaps worlds first wind farm (1500/1600) in
Holland where such series of windmills were
installed to pump out water from low lying areas
back into the sea!
They were meant for remote operations up to 1940
World wars made the energy expensive, search for
low cost energy came in to action resulting - wind
mills made to generate electric power
Grid Connection was first experimented way back in
the 1940’s in the United States
Gedser windmill in Denmark heralded the advent of
modern wind turbines from the seventies
Few of the old wind mills meant for battery
changing and water pumping
Energy
Energy is a major input for overall
socio-economic development of any
society
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed; it can only be transferred
from one form to another
Most of our electricity is generated
with non-renewable resources
Coal
Natural Liquid & Gas
Nuclear power
Energy Conversion
COAL
Mine & transport coal burn coal boil
water make steam steam pushes turbine
turbine coupled to generator
NATURAL LIQUID & GAS
Drill for & transport gas burn gas push
turbine turbine coupled to generator
NUCLEAR POWER
Mine & transport uranium uranium gets
hot & boils water make steam steam
pushes turbine turbine coupled to generator
LIMITATION of FOSSIL
FUELS
Depletion of fossil fuels
Environmental hazards
Health hazards
Life of Fossil Fuel
Consider the earth as a sphere of radius
R=6378.137 kms. This amounts to about
1.1x1021m3((4/3)×π×(6378×103)3).of fossil fuel.
The average energy density of fossil fuel to be
about 10,000Wh/lt or 10,000 KWh/m3.
The amount of stored energy within the earth is
1.1x1025KWh.
The Worlds energy consumption is 1.68x1015
kWh/year.
Considering a 7% growth in energy consumption
annually.
The fossil fuel may last for about 350 years.
Taking the ground reality, fossil fuel may last for
about 100 years.
Environmental Effects
CHOCHOT
CHESHOSHAMA
STAKNA
KISHTWAR
PATNITOP
BHAGDHAR
TREHTI
SHAHPUR KANDI
JAWALI
HIMACHAL TABO
CHAK KOTI
QUADIAN
PRADESH
TAKHANI
MURARI DEVI
SHATDHAR
ALGON KOTI CHURAG
ANANDAPUR SAHIB
FAGU
HARSIL
SOLAN
PUNJAB
MORNI KAHAN
HILLS
THEHRI
UTTARANCHAL
RAMSARA JHAMNIKHAL GURDAURI
RANSI
BACHELIKHAL JHANKARDANDA
TALWANDI SABO
GUMKHAL
RICKHNIKHAL
SARDULEWALA MALLIMIRAI
JHARGAON
ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
1.6 RD
PASSIGHAT
DELHI
JENGING
MAHAJAN
DADREWA
NEW DARING
RAMNAGAR
BHUPANI
BISSAU ABHEPUR
HARSHNATH
SIKKIM
MOHANGARH
KATHOTI
KANOD
PHALODI
DELO HILLS
JAISALMER
TIGER HILLS SINGRI
DAUBSI
NAHARGAD
RAJASTHAN ASSAM
UTTAR PRADESH
KHODAL BORGAON
BALESAR
BARLI PUTSARI
LELA
NAGALAND
BHADKHA UMPHABENG
PACHPADRA SHEOPURA GHAT
DERASAR
MEGHALAYA
BHAGAVANPUR
GADOLI BIHAR
BISHENGARH
MANDAL
BASI
MANIPUR
JASWANTHGAD
SAWA
UNDARI
BARI SADRI
DHROBANA
DAMOTAR
TRIPURA
TAGA KHERWADA
SISODA DEVGARH
NANDLI AHADA
JHARKHAND MIZORAM
JAMANVADA
MAHURIYA
ADESAR
MAMATKHEDA ALOT
SIVALAKHA CHORASIA BADAILA TANORIYA
BODHINA
WEST
MOTI SINDHOLI BARKHERI BAZAR
KUKMA VANDHYA
POLADIYA SINUGRA SURAJBARI PADSOLI
KERA LAHORI
BENGAL
JAITHAL HILL AJODHYA HILLS
BAYATH SINAI
WARSHAMEDI SODANG HILL
GUJARAT
MUNDRA RATABHE KAWASA KALAPAHAD
JAMGODRANI MIRZAPUR
DAHOD NAGDA
JHABUA BAROLI KAMLESHWARPUR
MADHYA PRADESH
OKHA LIMBARA MACHALIYA GHAT
MESARIA BETMA
SUVARDA
BAMANBORE 1 BAMANBORE 2 MACHLA
HARIPAR KHEDA
DHANDHALPUR
GALA PAREWADA
OKHAMADHI MAHIDAD
KALYANPUR BHANDARIYA SADODAR
NAVADRA GODLADHAR
LAMBA BUTAVADAR ROJMAL SANAWAD HALDIA
MOTA DADAWA
HARSHAD
DHANK 2 NANI KUNDAL
DHANK 1 KAGAVAD
NIJKASBA
AMRAPAR (SETH)
DADONPATRA BAR GANGASAGAR
BASTA DIGHA
NAVI BANDER VALIYARPANI FRASERGANJ
SANODAR SENDHVA CHANDIPUR
KHAMBADA
JASAPAR
KAMRAVAD
KUKRU CHHATTISGARH
AMRAPAR (GIR)
CHAKLA
RANIGAON MOTHA
DUMDHA BRAHMANVEL
VERAVAL JAFRABAD TAKARMAULI
VELAN RAIPUR
DANDI
SAPUTARA ORISSA
SAPTHASRINGIGAD PARADWIP
SHIRASGAON
MAHARASHTRA
CHATRAPUR
GOPALPUR
LONAVLA
DHAVADI
KOLGAON
SAUTADA DAMANJODI BAY OF BENGAL
MAHIJALGAON
PIRTHANDA
ROTI
ROHINA
MURUD
TADWAI GALIKONDA
MANDHARDEO KAVALDHARA
PANCHGANI
AMBRAL MOGRALE
KHOKADE KASARSIRSI
KAS BHIMUNIPATNAM
JAMBULMURE
CHALKEWADI
THOSEGHAR
AMBERI KOTTURU
VANKUSAWADE
VANKUSAWADE WAGHAPUR SADA
ANDHRA PRADESH
SHIVANE RENAVI
DEOUD VAREKARWADI
AMBED MATREWADI
DHALGAON NAZEERABAD
GUDE PANCHAGANI HORTI
ALKUD VAHMSPET
KOTHOLI
KUCHI
DONGERWADI SOMADEVARAHATTI
MASAIPATHAR
WIND
BEDAG
ALAMPRABHUPATHAR PEDDAVARAM
50 m HEIGHT
NERKEWADI KOGIL KOTRATHANDA YANAM
VIJAYADURG
MAHALUNGE
DEOGAD
CHIKKODI MAVINHUNDA LACHAMBAVI
INSTALL- POWER
CLASS ABLE MW*
SANGUNDI MOTLAMPALLI
DENSITY
DHANGARWADI
GOKAK
WIND SPEED
MALWAN
ARABIAN SEA
MANNIKERE
WIND POWER
W/sq.m
VENGURLA NELAGANTI
HANUMANHATTI HANAMSAGAR
m/s W/sq.m
KHAMKARKATTI MALGATTI SINGARIKONDA
NAVILTHIRTH DAM SAUNDATTI BANAVASI KODUMURU
NARGUND
GOA ULINDAKONDA
SIDDANAGATTA
JANGAMGUNTLA
MURGOD
2 A
SINGANAMALA ALANGARAPETA BADVEL
32,647
PAMPANOOR THANDA
KHANDERAYANAHALLI
VEPULAPARTHY CHILLAKONDAYAPALLE
HULIKATTE NARASIMHA KONDA
BORAMPALLI
RAMAGIRI 3 NEKHANAPURAM
TALLIMADUGULA CHIMALAPENTA
RAMAGIRI
MUSTIKOVALA
JOGIMATTI SHAHPURAM
PUTTAPARTHY YERADODDI
DAKKILI
6.0 - 6.4
NALLAKONDA
BOXAMPALLI
BYNDOOR
KARNATAKA
CHINNABABAYAPALLI
KAKULA KONDA
KOTA
HULIHALLI
HARADENAHALLI
395
PACHARLAPALLI SABARI
CHANNAVADAYANPURA
NALLAMPALLY
DUBARAYAPET
5 7.5 - 8.0 500 - 600 17 PHOENIX BAY
BARKATH LINE
CHETLAT KARUMANTHURAI PANNITHITTU
BITRA
THALAVADI
KILTAN
TAMIL NADU
KADMAT
AMINI
EMERALD
800 - 2000
ANDROTH SULTANPET
7
METTUKADAI
8.8 - 11. 9 -
ARASAMPALAYAM KEEZHAYUR
KANJIKODE SOUTH BAY
OZHALAPATHY POOLAVADI MYLAMPATTI
TOLANUR
KE
KALUGUR
VEDARANYAM
TOTAL 48,561
LA
KALPENI KUNDALY
SAKKULATHUMEDU
ANDIPATTI
SENAPATHI
PARAMPUKETTIMEDU MEENAKSHIPURAM
KAILASAMMEDU
RAMAKALMEDU
* Note:
PULLIKANAM
VEDIKUZHI
KOLAHALAMEDU
KUTTIKANAM
PANCHALIMEDU
KEATING POINT
KULATHUMMEDU THAYILPATTI
NADUVAKKURICHI
MANGALAPURAM
AYIKUDY KAYATTAR I
ALAGIYAPANDIYAPURAM
RAMESWARAM 1.Isopleths drawn on the basis of Inverse
square interpolation of WPDs among stations.
ONAMKULAM
ACHANKUTTAM KAYATTAR II OTTAPIDARAM
NETTUR TUTICORIN
GANGAIKONDAN
TALAYATHU
PONMUDI THUPPAKUDI
VAKAIKULAM
MARUKALKURICHI
MINYUK
farming.
KANNANKULAM
KATTADIMALAI
MUTTOM
Turbine
Wind Number of
direction direction blades
Turbine
Disadvantages:
1) Draws inductive
reactance from grid
causing low power
factor
2) Requires power factor
correction circuit and
Capacitors
3) Huge wear and tear
Generators - Synchronous
Advantages:
1) These generators can generate their own VAR
5) In certain cases the Wind mills can be operated as stand alone system
of generation
Disadvantages:
1) These generators requires huge power electronic support
comparison
Generator Stator
Clutch
Axle pin
Hub
Main Bearing
Hub
Rotor Shaft Brake
Gear
Bearings Generator
Conventional Gearless
Typical Synchronous Wind Energy Converter Block Diagram
Power Block Diagram
SECTIONAL VIEW OF
E-40
HUB AND
ROTOR
IN E - 40 SHAFT /
ASSEMBLY.
AXIAL PIN WILL
BE STATIONARY.
HUB AND ROTOR
ARE DIRECTLY
CONNECETED.
AXIAL PIN
synopsis
Introduction
Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
Wind power conversion technologies
Manufacturing & Erection
Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
Wind and the grid
Blades taking Birth!
Large Rotor Blades
CROSS SECTION VIEW OF THE
FOUNDATION
5.10
mtrs
0.4
0.7
0.5
9.5 mtrs
BAR BENDING AND
CENTERING WORK.
CONCRETE FILLING IN TO THE
FOUNDATION.
FINAL LOOK OF THE FOUNDATION.
Receipt of tower
sections
Unloading the
tower sections
Receiving the machine
and unloading
Blades receipt
and unloading
Hub Erection
Nacelle
Hub
Blade
Tower
synopsis
Introduction
Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
Wind power conversion technologies
Erection
Operation
Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
SWITCHING OF 3ph 400V
AC SUPPLY FROM TRAFO.
SUPPLY GOES
TO GRID
WATCHING
CARD.
ALL CARDS
RECEIVE SUPPLY.
1)BLADE
DATA STARTS PITCHING IN.
VERIFICATION YES 2) INITIAL EXCITAION B
BY MPU. CONTACTOR
GETS ON.
NO STATUS
DECLIRED.
B
1)GRID GETS
ROTOR
CONNECTED.
SPEED
YES 2) EXCITAION GETS
INCREASES C
RELEASED.
TO
3) GENERATION
18 RPM
STARTS
NO STATUS
DECLARED.
C
FURTHER
PITCHING WILL
CONTINUE TILL THE
TURBINE REACHES
36 rpm, DEPENDING
ON WIND.
TURBINE IS NOW
IN FULL MODE
OPERATION.
synopsis
Introduction
Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
Wind power conversion technologies
Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
Wind and the grid
Wind Electric Turbine & Generator
Control
Wind Electrical Converters (WEC) are very
sensitive and required many controls with very
precession
Required controls for Rotor Speed, Temperature,
Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Power Feeding …etc
Number of sensors, encoders, are used to achieve
this
Wind vane and Anemometer
WIND VANE:
This is the sensor which read the wind direction. OPTICAL
technology is used to sense the Wind direction.
The feed back will be given to the yaw mechanism of the WEC to
initiate yawing to bring the turbine inline with the wind direction
Anemometer:
This is the sensor which read the wind speed. OPTO Potentiometer technology
is used to sense the Wind speed.
The feed back will be given to MPU to initiate the WEC startup as well as to
increase the excitation for higher generation
Speed Sensor & Encoder
Angle encoders
There are two types of encoders- simple
encoders and the absolute encoders. Angle
encoders required absolute encoders, which
will work on optical disc method. These
absolute encoders will work on the precision of
0.8Degs.
Oscillation sensors
These sensors are used to monitor the
oscillations in the turbine. Oscillations are the
very crucial parameter, which effects the life of
tower.
Proximity Switch
There are many places in the Wind Electric
Turbine where, these proximity switches are
used. Like speed sensor, yaw speed sensor, yaw
pad sensors, blade position sensors …etc
Wind Mill Cut View