Design of Bearings

Rolling Contact Bearings
Presentation Outline
 Introduction
 Classification of Bearings
 Dynamic Load Carrying Capacity
 Equivalent Bearing Load
 Load-Life Relationship
 Selection of Bearings from Manufacturers’
Catalogues
2
Introduction
 A bearing is a mechanical engineering
element that permits relative motion between
two components, such as the shaft and the
housing with minimum friction.
 They can be broadly categorized into two

groups:
 Rolling Contact Bearings
 Sliding Contact Bearings
3
Introduction contd..
 Rolling Contact Bearings – These are also called
antifriction bearings or simply ball bearings. Rolling
elements, such as balls or rollers, are introduced
between the surfaces that are in relative motion.
 Sliding Contact Bearings – Sliding contact bearings

are also called plain bearings, journal bearings or
sleeve bearings. The surface of the shaft slides
over the surface of the bushing resulting in friction
and wear. In order to reduce the friction, the two
surfaces are separated by a film of lubricating oil.
4
5
 Rolling Contact Bearings are used in
following applications:
 Machine tool spindles
 Automobile front and rear axles
 Gear boxes
 Small size electric motors
 Crane and hoisting drum
6
 Sliding Contact Bearings are used in
following applications:
 Crankshaft bearings in automobile engines
 Centrifugal pumps
 Large electric motors
 Steam and gas turbines
 Marine installations
7
 The functions of a bearing are as follows:
 It ensures free rotation of the shaft with
minimum friction.
 The bearing supports the shaft and holds it in
correct position.
 The bearing takes up the forces that act on the
shaft and transmits them to the frame or the
foundation / housing.
8
Classification of Bearings
 Depending upon the direction of force that
acts on them, bearings are classified into:
 Radial Bearings - This supports the load which
is perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
 Thrust Bearings - This supports the load which
acts along the axis of the shaft.
9
Types of Rolling Contact Bearings
10
Dynamic Load Carrying Capacity
 The life of a ball bearing is limited by the fatigue
failure at the surfaces of balls and races.
 The dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing,
is therefore, based on the fatigue life of the
bearing.
 The life of an individual ball bearing is defined as
the Number of revolutions (or hours of service at
some given constant speed), that the bearing runs
before the first evidence of fatigue crack is
observed in balls or races.
11
contd..
 Since the life of a single bearing is difficult to
predict, it is necessary to define the life in
terms of the statistical average performance
of a group of bearings.
 Bearing life is rated based on two criteria:
 Average life of a group of bearings.
 The life, that 90% of the bearings will reach or
exceed. This is widely used in the bearing
industry.
12
contd..
 The rated life of a group of apparently identical ball
bearings is defined as the Number of revolutions
that 90% of the bearings will complete or exceed
before the first evidence of fatigue crack appears.
 The dynamic load carrying capacity of a bearing is
defined as the radial load in radial bearings (or
thrust load in thrust bearings) that can be carried
for a minimum life of one million revolutions.
 The dynamic load carrying capacity is based on
the assumption that the inner race is rotating while
the outer race is stationary. 13
Equivalent Bearing Load
 In actual applications, the force acting on the

bearing has two components, namely, radial force
and thrust force.
 Hence it is necessary to convert the two

components acting on the bearing into a single
hypothetical load, fulfilling the conditions applied to
the dynamic load carrying capacity.
14
Equivalent Bearing Load contd..
 The expression for the equivalent dynamic load is
given as
P  XVFr  YFa
where
P– Equivalent dynamic load (N)
Fr – Radial Load (N)
Fa – Axial or Thrust Load (N)
V– Race rotation factor
X, Y – Radial and Thrust load factors given in
manufacturer’s catalogues. 15
Equivalent Bearing Load contd..
 General equation for the equivalent dynamic load
P  XFr  YFa
 When the bearing is subjected to pure radial load,

Fr,
P  Fr
 When the bearing is subjected to pure thrust load,
Fa,
P  Fa
16
Load – Life Relationship
 The relationship between the dynamic load carrying
capacity, equivalent dynamic load and the bearing
life is given by
p
C 
L10    where
P
L10 – Rated bearing life (in million revolutions)
C– Dynamic load capacity (N)
p= 3 (for ball bearings)
= 10/3 (for roller bearings) 17
Load – Life Relationship contd..
 By rearranging
1
C  P( L10 ) p
1
 For all types of ball bearings
C  P(L10 ) 3
 For all types of roller bearings C  P(L10 ) 0.3

18
Load – Life Relationship contd..
 The relationship between life in million revolutions
and life in working hours is given by
60nL10h
L10 
106
Where
L10h – Rated bearing life (hours)
n- Speed of rotation (rpm)
19
Selection of a Bearing from
Manufacturers’ Catalogue
 The basic procedure for the selection of a
bearing from the manufacturers’ catalogue
include the following steps.
1. Calculate the radial and axial forces acting on
the bearing together with the shaft diameter.
2. Select the type of bearing for the given
application.
3. Determine the values of the radial and thrust
load factors (X and Y) from the catalogue. The
selection of the bearing is done by trial and
error at this stage. 20
Selection of a Bearing from
Manufacturers’ Catalogue contd..
4. Calculate the equivalent dynamic load from the
equation P  XF  YF
r a
5. Make the decision on the expected bearing life

and express the life L10 in million revolutions.
6. Calculate the dynamic load capacity from the
equation 1
C  P(L10 ) 3
7. Check whether the selected bearing has the
required dynamic capacity. If not select the
bearing of the next series and return to step 3
and continue. 21

Design of Bearings

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Design of Bearings

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Rolling Contact Bearings

 They can be broadly categorized into two

 Sliding Contact Bearings – Sliding contact bearings

 In actual applications, the force acting on the

 Hence it is necessary to convert the two

 When the bearing is subjected to pure radial load,

 For all types of roller bearings C  P(L10 ) 0.3

5. Make the decision on the expected bearing life

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