ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

PROGRAMMING OF 8085

Module 2
Session 1
Instruction Set of 8085
TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. Instruction set of 8085
3. Example Programs
4. Addressing modes of 8085
5. Instruction & Data Formats of 8085
1. INTRODUCTION
A microprocessor executes instructions given
by the user
 Instructions should be in a language known to
the microprocessor
 Microprocessor understands the language of
0’s and 1’s only
 This language is called Machine Language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OF 8085
 It uses English like words to convey the
action/meaning called as MNEMONICS
 For e.g.
 MOV to indicate data transfer
 ADD to add two values
 SUB to subtract two values
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM TO
ADD TWO NUMBERS

MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A

MVI B, 4H ;Copy value 4H in register B
ADD B ;A = A + B

Note:
 Assembly language is specific to a given
processor
 For e.g. assembly language of 8085 is different
than that of Motorola 6800 microprocessor
MICROPROCESSOR UNDERSTANDS MACHINE
LANGUAGE ONLY!
 Microprocessor cannot understand a program
written in Assembly language
 A program known as Assembler is used to
convert a Assembly language program to
machine language

Assembly Machine
Assembler
Language Language
Program
Program Code
LOW-LEVEL/HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
 Machine language and Assembly language are
both
 Microprocessor specific (Machine dependent)
so they are called
 Low-level languages
 Machine independent languages are called
 High-level languages
 For e.g. BASIC, PASCAL,C++,C,JAVA, etc.

 A software called Compiler is required to convert a

high-level language program to machine code
3.INSTRUCTION SET OF 8085
 Consists of
 74 operation codes, e.g. MOV
 246 Instructions, e.g. MOV A,B
 8085 instructions can be classified as
1. Data Transfer (Copy)
2. Arithmetic
3. Logical and Bit manipulation
4. Branch
5. Machine Control
INSTRUCTION SET
Basic instruction set
• Data transfer operations: This group of instructions copies data
from source to destination. The content of the source is not altered.
• Arithmetic operations: Instructions of this group perform
operations like addition, subtraction, increment & decrement. One of
the data used in arithmetic operation is stored in accumulator and the
result is also stored in accumulator.
• Logical operations: Logical operations include AND, OR, EXOR,
NOT. The operations like AND, OR and EXOR uses two operands, one
is stored in accumulator and other can be any register or memory
location. The result is stored in accumulator. NOT operation requires
single operand, which is stored in accumulator.
• Branching operations: Instructions in this group can be used to
transfer program sequence from one memory location to another
either conditionally or unconditionally.
• Stack, I/O and Machine control instructions: Instruction in
this group control execution of other instructions and control
operations like interrupt, halt etc.
1. DATA TRANSFER (COPY) OPERATIONS
1. Load a 8-bit number in a Register
2. Copy from Register to Register
3. Copy between Register and Memory
4. Copy between Input / Output Port and
Accumulator
5. Load a 16-bit number in a Register pair
6. Copy between Register pair and Stack memory
EXAMPLE DATA TRANSFER (COPY)
OPERATIONS / INSTRUCTIONS
1. Load a 8-bit number 4F in MVI B, 4FH
register B
2. Copy from Register B to
Register A MOV A,B
3. Load a 16-bit number 2050
in Register pair HL LXI H, 2050H
4. Copy from Register B to
Memory Address 2050
MOV M,B
5. Copy between Input/Output
Port and Accumulator
OUT 01H
IN 07H
2. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
1. Addition of two 8-bit numbers
2. Subtraction of two 8-bit numbers
3. Increment/ Decrement a 8-bit number
EXAMPLE ARITHMETIC
OPERATIONS / INSTRUCTIONS
1. Add a 8-bit number 32H to ADI 32H
Accumulator
2. Add contents of Register B to ADD B
Accumulator
3. Subtract a 8-bit number 32H
from Accumulator SUI 32H
4. Subtract contents of Register C
from Accumulator SUB C
5. Increment the contents of
Register D by 1
INR D
6. Decrement the contents of
Register E by 1
DCR E
3. LOGICAL & BIT MANIPULATION
OPERATIONS
1. AND two 8-bit numbers
2. OR two 8-bit numbers
3. Exclusive-OR two 8-bit numbers
4. Compare two 8-bit numbers
5. Complement
6. Rotate Left/Right Accumulator bits
EXAMPLE LOGICAL & BIT MANIPULATION
OPERATIONS /INSTRUCTIONS
1. Logically AND Register H ANA H
with Accumulator
2. Logically OR Register L ORA L
with Accumulator
3. Logically XOR Register B XRA B
with Accumulator
4. Compare contents of CMP C
Register C with
Accumulator CMA
5. Complement Accumulator RAL
6. Rotate Accumulator Left
4. BRANCHING OPERATIONS
These operations are used to control the flow of
program execution
1.Jumps
 Conditional jumps
 Unconditional jumps
2.Call & Return
 Conditional Call & Return
 Unconditional Call & Return
EXAMPLE BRANCHING
OPERATIONS /
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Jump to a 16-bit Address 2080H JC 2080H
if Carry flag is SET
2. Unconditional Jump JMP 2050H
3. Call a subroutine with its 16-bit
Address CALL 3050H
4. Return back from the Call
5. Call a subroutine with its 16-bit RET
Address if Carry flag is RESET
6. Return if Zero flag is SET CNC 3050H

RZ
5. MACHINE CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
These instructions affect the operation of the
processor. For e.g.
HLT Stop program execution
NOP Do not perform any operation
4. WRITING A ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
PROGRAM

 Steps to write a program

 Analyze the problem
 Develop program Logic
 Write an Algorithm
 Make a Flowchart
 Write program Instructions using
Assembly language of 8085
PROGRAM 8085 IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TO ADD
TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS AND STORE 8-BIT RESULT IN
REGISTER C.

1. Analyze the problem

 Addition of two 8-bit numbers to be done
2. Program Logic
 Add two numbers
 Store result in register C
 Example
10011001 (99H) A
+00111001 (39H) D
11010010 (D2H) C
 Translation to 8085
3. ALGORITHM operations
1. Get two numbers  Load 1st no. in register D
 Load 2nd no. in register E

2. Add them
• Copy register D to A
• Add register E to A
3. Store result
• Copy A to register C
4. Stop
• Stop processing
4. MAKE A FLOWCHART
Start
• Load 1st no. in register D
Load Registers D, E • Load 2nd no. in register E

Copy D to A • Copy register D to A

• Add register E to A
Add A and E

Copy A to C • Copy A to register C

• Stop processing
Stop
5. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM
1. Get two numbers
a) Load 1st no. in register D MVI D, 2H
b) Load 2nd no. in register E MVI E, 3H
2. Add them
a) Copy register D to A MOV A, D
b) Add register E to A ADD E
3. Store result
a) Copy A to register C MOV C, A
4. Stop
a) Stop processing HLT
PROGRAM 8085 IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TO ADD
TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS. RESULT CAN BE MORE THAN
8-BITS.

1. Analyze the problem

 Result of addition of two 8-bit numbers can be 9-bit
 Example
10011001 (99H) A
+10011001 (99H) B
100110010 (132H)
 The 9th bit in the result is called CARRY bit.
 How 8085 does it?
 Adds register A and B
 Stores 8-bit result in A
 SETS carry flag (CY) to indicate carry bit

10011001 99H A
+
10011001 99H B

0
1 10011001
00110010 32H
99H A
CY
 Storing result in Register memory

CY A
1 10011001 32H

Register B Register C

Step-1 Copy A to C
Step-2
a) Clear register B
b) Increment B by 1
2. PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Add two numbers

2. Copy 8-bit result in A to C
3. If CARRY is generated
 Handle it
4. Result is in register pair BC
 Translation to 8085
3. ALGORITHM operations

1. Load two numbers  Load registers D, E

in registers D, E
• Copy register D to A
2. Add them • Add register E to A
• Copy A to register C
3. Store 8 bit result in
C • Use Conditional
4. Check CARRY flag Jump instructions
5. If CARRY flag is • Clear register B
SET
• Increment B
• Store CARRY in
register B • Stop processing
6. Stop
4. MAKE A FLOWCHART
Start

Load Registers D, E If False

CARRY Clear B
NOT SET
Copy D to A
Increment B
True
Add A and E

Copy A to C
Stop
5. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM
• Load registers D, E MVI D, 2H
MVI E, 3H
• Copy register D to A
• Add register E to A
MOV A, D
• Copy A to register C ADD E
MOV C, A
• Use Conditional JNC END
Jump instructions
• Clear register B MVI B, 0H
• Increment B INR B
• Stop processing END: HLT
 4. ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085
 Format of a typical Assembly language
instruction is given below-
[Label:] Mnemonic [Operands] [;comments]
HLT
MVI A, 20H
MOV M, A ;Copy A to memory location
whose address is stored in
register pair HL
LOAD: LDA 2050H ;Load A with contents of memory
location with address 2050H
READ: IN 07H ;Read data from Input port with
address 07H
 The various formats of specifying operands are
called addressing modes
 Addressing modes of 8085
1. Register Addressing
2. Immediate Addressing
3. Memory Addressing
4. Input/Output Addressing
5. Implicit Addressing
1. REGISTER ADDRESSING
 Operands are one of the internal registers of 8085
 Examples-

MOV A, B
ADD C
2. IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
 Value of the operand is given in the instruction
itself
 Example-

MVI A, 20H
LXI H, 2050H
ADI 30H
SUI 10H
3. MEMORY ADDRESSING
 One of the operands is a memory location
 Depending on how address of memory location is
specified, memory addressing is of two types
 Direct addressing
 Indirect addressing
3(A) DIRECT ADDRESSING
 16-bit Address of the memory location is specified
in the instruction directly
 Examples-

LDA 2050H ;load A with contents of

memory location with address
2050H
STA 3050H ;store A with contents of
memory location with address
3050H
3(B) INDIRECT ADDRESSING
 A memory pointer register is used to store the address
of the memory location
 Example-

MOV M, A ;copy register A to memory location

whose address is stored in
register pair HL

H L
A 30H 20H 50H 2050H 30H
4. INPUT/OUTPUT ADDRESSING
 8-bit address of the port is directly specified in
the instruction
 Examples-

IN 07H
OUT 21H
5. IMPLIED/IMPLICIT ADDRESSING
 This mode doesn't require any operand; the data
is specified by the opcode itself.
 In implied/implicit addressing mode the operand
is hidden and the data to be operated is available
in the instruction itself.

 Examples-
CMA (finds and stores the 1’s complement of the
contains of accumulator A in A)
RRC (rotate accumulator A right by one bit)
RLC (rotate accumulator A left by one bit)
5. INSTRUCTION & DATA FORMATS
8085 Instruction set can be classified according to
size (in bytes) as
1. 1-byte Instructions
2. 2-byte Instructions
3. 3-byte Instructions
1. ONE-BYTE INSTRUCTIONS
 Includes Opcode and Operand in the same
byte
 Examples-

Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code

MOV C, A 0100 1111 4FH
ADD B 1000 0000 80H
HLT 0111 0110 76H
2. TWO-BYTE INSTRUCTIONS
 Firstbyte specifies Operation Code
 Second byte specifies Operand

 Examples-

Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code

MVI A, 32H 0011 1110 3EH
0011 0010 32H
MVI B, F2H 0000 0110 06H
1111 0010 F2H
3. THREE-BYTE INSTRUCTIONS
 Firstbyte specifies Operation Code
 Second & Third byte specifies Operand

 Examples-

Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code

LXI H, 2050H 0010 0001 21H
0101 0000 50H
0010 0000 20H
LDA 3070H 0011 1010 3AH
0111 0000 70H
0011 0000 30H
EXAMPLE
Write an 8085 program and draw a flowchart to add two 16-bit numbers
without considering the carry.(8085 Microprocessor Program)
Output
Before Execution:
3000H: 02H, 3001H: 04H, 3002H: 04H, 3003H: 03H
After Execution:
3004H: 06H
3005H: 07H
PROGRAM EXPLANATION
1.This program adds two 16-bit operands stored in memory locations 3000H-3001H
and 3002H-3003H, without considering the carry produced (if any).
2.Let us assume that the operands stored at memory locations 3000H-3001H is 02H-
04H and 3002H-3003H is 04H-03H.
3.The H-L pair is loaded with the first 16-bit operand 0204H from memory
locations 3000H- 3001H.
4.Then, the first 16-bit operand is moved to D-E pair.
5.The second 16-bit operand 0403H is loaded to H-L pair from memory locations
3002H- 3003H.
6.The two operands are added and the result is stored in H-L pair.
7.The result is stored from H-L pair to memory locations 3004H-3005H.