Geodetic Surveying-1

GEODETIC
SURVEYING
Effect of Curvature
For long sights and accurate leveling work, the effects of curvature of the earth and refraction of the line of
sight shall have to be taken into consideration. Due to curvature, the points appear to be lower than they
actually are; while due to refraction, they appear to be higher than they actually are. The effect of curvature
being greater than that of refraction, the combined effect causes the points to appear to be lower than they
actually are.
Effect of Curvature
The effect of curvature and refraction are taken into account in leveling work. Due to earth’s curvature, a horizontal line departs with level line by
0.0785m in one kilometer, varying as the square of the length of the line.
ℎ = 0.0785𝐾 2
When a ray of light passes through air of different densities, it is bent downwards which is referred to refraction approximately 0.011m in one
kilometer also varying directly as the square of the length of the line.
ℎ = 0.011𝐾 2
Therefore the combined effect of curvature and refraction is
ℎ = 0.0675𝐾 2 where h= combined error due to curvature and refraction, meter
K= distance from the point of observation to point of tangency (Kilometer)
Sample Problem
Determine the combined effects of the earths curvature and atmospheric refraction on sight
distances of 60, 90, 120, 150, 500 meters and 2kilometers.
Sample Problem
Two points A and B are 525.85 meters apart. A level is set up on the line between A and B and at a
distance of 240.5m from A. If the rod reading on A is 3.455m and that on B is 2.806m, determine the
difference in elevation between the two points, taking into account the effects of curvature and
atmospheric refraction.
Sample Problem
A man on shore standing close to the sea’s water edge looks out toward the direction of the sea. If his
eyes measure 1.72m above sea level, determine how far out to sea is his visible horizon, neglecting the
effect of waves.
Sample Problem
A woman standing on a beach can just see the top of a lighthouse 24.14km away. If her eye height above
seal level is 1.738m, determine the height of the lighthouse above sea level.
Sample Problem
Neglecting the effect of tide and waves, determine how far out to see a boat will be when a light on its
mast 60 meters above the water disappears from the sight of a man on a shore whose eye level is
1.583m above the water.
TRIANGULATION
This method is earlier adapted to eliminate the difficulty of measuring long distances especially over
rugged terrain. It is based on trigonometric proportions that if one side and the three angles of a triangle
are known, the remaining sides can be determined.
• BASE LINE
• CHECK BASE
• STATIONS
TRIANGULATION
• BASE LINE
• CHECK BASE
• STATIONS
TRIANGULATION
• BASE LINE
• CHECK BASE
• STATIONS
TRIANGULATION
BASE LINE AB IS MEASURED AS 2843.45 meters. Calculate the length of side AD, BC,AC,BD,CD
1= 440 20′ 10“ A
2
2= 200 30′ 30“ 1
3= 400 29′ 30“
4= 770 10′ 20“ 3 C
5=430 49′ 40“ 4
6=340 09′ 40“
7=300 50′ 20“
8
0 ′
8= 70 39 50“ 5
B 7 6
D
INTERVISIBILITY OF STATIONS
LINES OF SIGHT TO ALL STATIONS OF THE SYSTEM MUST BE CLEAR FOR THE MEASURMENT OF ANGLES. IT IS
ALWAYS PREFERABLE TO LOCATE STATIONS ON THE HIGHEST ELEVATIONS IN AN AREA.
𝑑1
h= ℎ1 + ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 0.065𝑑1 𝑑2 h= elevation of line of sight at obstruction, meters
𝑑3
ℎ1 = elevation of the first station, meters
ℎ2 = elevation of the second station, meters
𝑑1 = distance between first station and obstruction, kilometers
𝑑2 = distance between obstruction and second station, kilometers
𝑑3 = distance between two stations, kilometers
INTERVISIBILITY OF STATIONS
Cathedral Hill with an elevation of 1,138.253m is on a line between Aurora Hill and Mirador Hill. It is 16.608 km from Aurora Hill and 11.878 km from
Mirador Hill. The elevations of Aurora and Mirador Hill are 1,136.264m and 1,152.428 m above sea level respectively. If a line of sight from Aurora
Hill is directed to Mirador Hill, determine:
A. whether Mirador Hill is visible from Aurora Hill
B. Height of the identical tower to be constructed at Aurora Hill and Mirador Hill so that the line of sight would clear Cathedral Hill by 3 meters.
C. Height of tower which could be constructed at Aurora Hill so that the line of sight would clear the ground at Cathedral Hill by 3 meters, if no tower
is to be constructed on Mirador Hill.
D. Height of tower which could be constructed on Mirador Hill so that the line of sight would clear the ground at Cathedral Hill by 3 meters, if no
tower is to be constructed at Aurora Hill.
E. Which would be the most practical option between B,C and D.
Seatwork
It is desired to sight from Apayao Hill (elev= 4135.63m) to Ifugao Hill (elev. 4153.92m)
6.94 km away. Benguet Hill (elev. 4145.68m), 3.92 km way obstructs the line of sight. If
towers of identical heights are to be constructed at Apayao Hill and Ifugao Hill so that the
line of sight will clear the ground at Benguet Hill by 2._ _ meters,
A. determine the height of identical towers.
B. If no tower is to be constructed at Ifugao Hill, what is the height of the tower to be
constructed on Apayao so that the line of sight will clear the ground at Benguet Hill by
2._ _ m.
C.If no tower is to be constructed at Apayao Hill, what is the height of the tower to be
constructed on Ifugao Hill so that the line of sight will clear the ground at Benguet Hill
by 2._ _ m
D.What is the most practical choice?

Geodetic Surveying-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geodetic Surveying-1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geodetic Surveying-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEODETIC

You might also like