Basics of Electrical Theory
Basics of Electrical Theory
Basics of Electrical Theory
1
Grading
• Homework: 40 %
• Kuis : 20 %
• Exam : 40 %
2
Topics
• Resistors in Series
– R T = R1 + R 2 + R3 + . . .
• Resistors in Parallel
– 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . .
• Examples: should be able to find total current
flow in circuit, current flow through each
resistor, voltages, power dissipated, etc.
Power Generation
• Chemical Cells
– Electrodes
– Electrolyte
– Conductor
– Wet/Dry Batteries
• Magnetism
AC vs DC
8
Scalar, Complex number, Vector
9
POLAR AND RECTANGULAR NOTATION
10
Complex number arithmetic
11
Complex arithmetic in MATLAB
12
Alternator operation
13
AC phase
14
AC phase (Cont’)
15
Vectors and AC Waveforms
16
Vectors and AC Waveforms (Cont’)
17
Voltage Vector in AC: graphics
18
Voltage Vector in AC: complex
19
AC resistor circuits
20
AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS
21
AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS example
22
AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS example (cont)
23
AC CAPACITOR CIRCUITS
24
Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday (1831):
– Showed that an emf is induced in a conductor if a
magnet passes by a conductor
•
When pole of magnet
entered coil, current
flowed in one direction
• When direction of
magnet reversed,
current flowed in
opposite direction
Electromagnetic Induction
• Magnitude of induced current can be
increased by:
– Increasing strength of magnetic field
– Increasing speed of relative motion
– Positioning of field & conductor to increase
number of magnetic lines of flux cut
• Magnetic field usually produced by
electromagnet
Electromagnet
• Soft iron core wound
with coils of wire
• When current present
(excitation current),
core becomes
magnetized
• Field strength
determined by number
of turns and magnitude
of current:
B a NIDC
Electromagnetic Induction
• Results in:
– Generator action: generator converts mechanical
to electrical energy
– Motor action: motor converts electrical to
mechanical energy
Generator Action
“induced current”
• Left-hand rule for
generator action
Motor Action
• Torque
produced:
“induced torque”
• Right-hand rule
– Revolving field
AC Generators
• Field windings on rotor
– DC current provided for field via slip rings and
brushes (vice commutator rings)
– Rotor turned by prime mover creates rotating
magnetic field
• Armature windings on
stator
• As field rotates, AC
current produced in
armature
• Since stationary contacts,
no arc-over
AC Generators
• Determining speed of AC machine:
f = P(RPM)/120 RPM = 120f/P
• Must maintain constant 60Hz output use
speed governor to maintain constant RPM
(independent of loading)
• Must also regulate voltage output
– Since constant RPM, must control field excitation
(DC current) to control output voltage
Three Phase (3f) AC Power
45
Filter
46
Electrical Devices
• Rectifier
– Converts AC DC
– Designed to have small
resistance to current flow
in one direction & large
resistance in opposite
direction
– Typically called a diode or
rectifier
Thank You
48