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    Peer-To-Peer Protocols: Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

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    ashwin
    1) The document describes peer-to-peer protocols and their seven layer model. It discusses how each layer provides services to the layer above through exchanging protocol data units. 2) There are two main service models - connection-oriented which requires establishing a connection, and connectionless which sends messages independently without connection setup. 3) Key aspects of service models include message size and structure, reliability, sequencing, flow control, and multiplexing. Security and end-to-end vs hop-by-hop delivery are also covered.

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    Peer-To-Peer Protocols: Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

    Uploaded by

    ashwin
    26 views15 pages
    1) The document describes peer-to-peer protocols and their seven layer model. It discusses how each layer provides services to the layer above through exchanging protocol data units. 2) There are two main service models - connection-oriented which requires establishing a connection, and connectionless which sends messages independently without connection setup. 3) Key aspects of service models include message size and structure, reliability, sequencing, flow control, and multiplexing. Security and end-to-end vs hop-by-hop delivery are also covered.

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    Peer to PeerProtocol

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    1) The document describes peer-to-peer protocols and their seven layer model. It discusses how each layer provides services to the layer above through exchanging protocol data units. 2) There are two main service models - connection-oriented which requires establishing a connection, and connectionless which sends messages independently without connection setup. 3) Key aspects of service models include message size and structure, reliability, sequencing, flow control, and multiplexing. Security and end-to-end vs hop-by-hop delivery are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views15 pages

    Peer-To-Peer Protocols: Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

    Uploaded by

    ashwin
    1) The document describes peer-to-peer protocols and their seven layer model. It discusses how each layer provides services to the layer above through exchanging protocol data units. 2) There are two main service models - connection-oriented which requires establishing a connection, and connectionless which sends messages independently without connection setup. 3) Key aspects of service models include message size and structure, reliability, sequencing, flow control, and multiplexing. Security and end-to-end vs hop-by-hop delivery are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Peer-to-peer protocols

    Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi


    Electronics & Telecommunication
    Engineering, NIT, Raipur
    Review of seven layers
    Application A Application B
    Peer-to-Peer Protocol
    Application Application
    Layer Layer

    Presentation Presentation
    Layer Layer

    Session Session
    Layer Layer

    Transport Transport
    Layer Communication Network Layer

    Network Network Network Network


    Layer Layer Layer Layer

    Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link


    Layer Layer Layer Layer

    Physical Physical Physical Physical


    Layer Layer Layer Layer

    Electrical and/or Optical Signals 2


    Peer-to-Peer Protocols Model
     Peer-to-Peer
    

    
    processes execute
    layer-n protocol to
    provide service to
    n + 1 peer process n + 1 peer process
    layer-(n+1)
     Layer-(n+1) peer calls
    layer-n and passes
    SDU SDU Service Data Units
    (SDUs) for transfer
    PDU
    n peer process n peer process
     Layer-n peers
    exchange Protocol
    Data Units (PDUs) to
    effect transfer
    n – 1 peer process n – 1 peer process  Layer-n delivers SDUs
    to destination layer-
    (n+1) peer
    
    

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 3


    Service Models
     The service model specifies the information
    transfer service layer-n provides to layer-(n+1)
     The most important distinction is whether the
    service is:
     Connection-oriented
     Connectionless
     Service model possible features:
     Arbitrary message size or structure
     Sequencing and Reliability
     Timing, Pacing, and Flow control
     Multiplexing
     Privacy, integrity, and authentication

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 4


    Connection-Oriented Transfer Service
     Connection Establishment
     Connection must be established between layer-(n+1) peers
     Layer-n protocol must: Set initial parameters, e.g. sequence
    numbers; and Allocate resources, e.g. buffers
     Message transfer phase
     Exchange of SDUs
     Disconnect phase
     Example: TCP, PPP

    n + 1 peer process n + 1 peer process


    send receive

    SDU
    Layer n connection-oriented service SDU

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 5


    Connectionless Transfer Service
     No Connection setup, simply send SDU
     Each message send independently
     Must provide all address information per
    message
     Simple & quick
     Example: UDP, IP

    n + 1 peer process n + 1 peer process


    send receive

    SDU Layer n connectionless service

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 6


    Message Size and Structure
     What message size and structure will a
    service model accept?
     Different services impose restrictions on size &
    structure of data it will transfer
     Single bit? Block of bytes? Byte stream?
     Ex: Transfer of voice mail = 1 long message
     Ex: Transfer of voice call = byte stream

    1 voice mail= 1 message = entire sequence of speech samples


    (a)

    1 call = sequence of 1-byte messages

    (b)

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 7


    Segmentation & Blocking
     To accommodate arbitrary message size, a layer
    may have to deal with messages that are too long
    or too short for its protocol
     Segmentation & Reassembly: a layer breaks long
    messages into smaller blocks and reassembles
    these at the destination
     Blocking & Unblocking: a layer combines small
    messages into bigger blocks prior to transfer
    1 long message 2 or more short messages

    2 or more blocks 1 block


    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 8
    Reliability & Sequencing
     Reliability: Are messages or information
    stream delivered error-free and without
    loss or duplication? TCP
     Sequencing: Are messages or information
    stream delivered in order? VOIP
     ARQ protocols combine error detection,
    retransmission, and sequence numbering
    to provide reliability.

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 9


    Pacing and Flow Control
     Messages can be lost if receiving system
    does not have sufficient buffering to store
    arriving messages. Buffering
     If destination layer-(n+1) does not retrieve its
    information fast enough, destination layer-n
    buffers may overflow
     Pacing & Flow Control provide backpressure
    mechanisms that control transfer according
    to availability of buffers at the destination
     Examples: TCP and HDLC

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 10


    Timing
     Applications involving voice and video generate
    units of information that are related temporally
     Destination application must reconstruct
    temporal relation in voice/video units
     Network transfer introduces delay & jitter
     Timing Recovery protocols use timestamps &
    sequence numbering to control the delay & jitter
    in delivered information
     Examples: RTP & associated protocols in Voice
    over IP

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 11


    Multiplexing
     Multiplexing enables multiple layer-
    (n+1) users to share a layer-n service
     A multiplexing tag is required to
    identify specific users at the destination
     Examples: TCP, UDP

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 12


    Privacy, Integrity, Authentication & Non-Repudiation

     Privacy: ensuring that information transferred


    cannot be read by others (Confidentiality)
     Integrity: ensuring that information is not altered
    during transfer
     Authentication: verifying that sender and/or
    receiver are who they claim to be
     Non-repudiation is the assurance that someone
    cannot deny something
     Security protocols provide these services
    Examples: IPSec, SSL

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 13


    End-to-End and Hop by Hop
    Hop-by-hop

    A B

    Data Data Data Data


    1 2 3 4 5
    ACK/ ACK/ ACK/ ACK/
    NAK NAK NAK NAK

    End-to-end
    ACK/NAK
    A B

    1 2 3 4 5
    Data Data Data Data

    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 14


    Hop by Hop Peer Service
    Packets Packets
     Data Link operates
    Data link Data link over wire-like,
    layer Frames layer directly-connected
    A B
    Physical Physical systems
    layer layer
     Frames can be
    corrupted or lost,
    but arrive in order
     Data link performs
    error-checking &
    12 3 21 12 3 21
    Medium retransmission
    2  Ensures error-free
    A B 1
    packet transfer
    between two
    systems
    05/03/2020 Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 15

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