Injection: Dr. Henny Rachdiati 2009
Injection: Dr. Henny Rachdiati 2009
Injection: Dr. Henny Rachdiati 2009
4. Intradermal Injection :
Volume of about 0,1 mL
Injected into the skin between epidermis and the
dermis
Absorption from intradermal injection is slow
This route is often used for diagnostic test of
allergy or immunity
Used administer some vaccine
Intradermal
Administration Procedure (cont.)
5. Intra-arterial Injection :
Administered directly into artery
Drug fast flow of blood in artery, drug will be
rapidly dispersed throughout on blood system
Absorption from intradermal injection is slow
This route to specific organ or tissue
Intra-arterial
Administration Procedure (cont.)
6. Intracardiac Injection :
Aqueous solution
Administered in emergency directly into
ventricle or the cardiac muscle for a local effect
Intracardiac
Administration Procedure (cont.)
7. Intraspinal Injection :
Aqueous solution is volumes less than 20 mL
Administered into particular areas of the spinal
column
They are categorized as intrathecal, subarachnoid,
intracisternal, epidural and peridural injections
Intraspinal
Administration Procedure (cont.)
8. Intra-articular Injection :
Aqueous solution or suspension into synovial
fluid in a joint cavity
They are often used for the local administration
of anti-inflammatory agents
Intra-articular
PRODUCT FOR PARENTERAL USE
• Single-dose ampoules
• Multiple-dose vials
• Prefilled syringes
Single-dose ampoules
1. Batch Storage
2. Dynamic Storage (stainless steel)
Distribution Water for Injection
1. The water in the distribution systems can become
contaminated with organism
2. The water in the stainless steels pipes is constantly circulated
from the tank to avoid stagnation and to maintain the
temperature
3. Use may not require high temperature
4. The cooling system may be fitted close to the point of use
5. Microbial growth in the cooled water
6. Sealed container
7. The container is moist heat sterilized and yield free pyrogens
8. Sterilized water for injections is used to dissolve/ dilute
parenteral preparations before administration to the patients
Pyrogens
1. Pyrogens are fever producing substances
2. Microbial pyrogens arise from component of
Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria,
fungi and viruses
3. Non microbial pyrogens such as some steroids
and plasma component
4. The most important pyrogen in pharmacy
products are high molecular weight endotoxin
(outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria)
Test for Pyrogens
1. The rabbit test included in the BP (2001) and
the EP (2002)
2. The rabbit test that is used to identify the
presence of wide range of pyrogens does have
problems for testing pharmacy product
3. Is spesific test for endotoxins of bacterial origin
4. Bacterial endotoxin is the main pyrogen found
in parenteral products
Vehicles for Injections
2. Non Aqueous Solvent
Water miscible co solvents, such as glycerin
and propylen glycol
Used to increase the solubility of drugs and
stabilize drugs degraded by hydrolysis
Metabolizable oils are used to dissolve drugs
that are insoluble in water
Steroids, hormones and vitamins dissolved in
vegetable oil
Administered by intramuscular injections
Special Injections
Suspensions
Dried Injections
Non aqueous injections
Large Volume Parenteral
Products
Infusion fluids
Total parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Intravenous antibiotic
Patient-controlled analgesia
Dialysis fluids
Irrigation solutions
Container and Closures
Large – volume parenteral fluids
Glass bottles
PVC collapsible bags
Semi rigid polythene containers
Container and Closures
The containers and closures that are used
for packaging parenteral products must :