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    Pharmaceutical Technology 3 Phar306 Exp 1

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    The document discusses parental dosage forms which are medications administered through non-oral routes like injections. It provides examples of different types of parental dosage forms and discusses the importance of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. The document also covers how to prepare ophthalmic solutions, which are sterile solutions intended for instillation into the eyes, using the sodium chloride equivalent method to achieve isotonicity.

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    Pharmaceutical Technology 3 Phar306 Exp 1

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    The document discusses parental dosage forms which are medications administered through non-oral routes like injections. It provides examples of different types of parental dosage forms and discusses the importance of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. The document also covers how to prepare ophthalmic solutions, which are sterile solutions intended for instillation into the eyes, using the sodium chloride equivalent method to achieve isotonicity.

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    The document discusses parental dosage forms which are medications administered through non-oral routes like injections. It provides examples of different types of parental dosage forms and discusses the importance of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. The document also covers how to prepare ophthalmic solutions, which are sterile solutions intended for instillation into the eyes, using the sodium chloride equivalent method to achieve isotonicity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    50 views20 pages

    Pharmaceutical Technology 3 Phar306 Exp 1

    Uploaded by

    zeynep özdal
    The document discusses parental dosage forms which are medications administered through non-oral routes like injections. It provides examples of different types of parental dosage forms and discusses the importance of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. The document also covers how to prepare ophthalmic solutions, which are sterile solutions intended for instillation into the eyes, using the sodium chloride equivalent method to achieve isotonicity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY 3 PHAR306

    EXPERIMENT 1: OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION

    PREPARED BY LARA ALHAJJ


    PARENTAL DOSAGE FORMS

    • Type of medication that are administered through non-oral routes such as injection,
    infusion or implantation
    • They are commonly used when a patient is unable to take the drug orally or when a
    medication needs to be delivered quickly and directly to the blood stream
    SOME EXAMPLE OF PARENTAL DOSAGE FORMS

    • Intramuscular (IM) injections Intravenous (IV) injections


    Subcutaneous(SQ) Intradermal (ID) injection
    injections

    Epidural injection
    • Parental products bypass the first barrier of body defense, skin or mucus membrane.
    Therefore they must be free from

    • Microbial Contamination
    • Pyrogen
    • Particular contamination
    • AND IF POSSIBLE THEY MUST BE ISOTONIC OR ISOHYDRIC
    WHAT IS AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION(NORMAL)

    • An isotonic solution is a solution in which the concentration of solutes in an isotonic


    solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cells
    ISOTONIC
    SOLUTION

    Isotonic solutions are


    This results in no used in medical
    net movement of settings to prevent
    water across the cell cells from shrinking
    membrane or swelling due to
    osmotic imbalances
    WHAT IS AN HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS(DILUTE)

    • Is a solution with Lower concentration of solutes compared to another solutions. In


    another words, it’s a solution where the concentration of dissolved solutes is lower than
    the concentrations of solutes in the cells or solution with which its being compared.

    When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will absorb water, causing the cell to swell.
    WHAT DO WE USE HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS IN

    • Used in medical treatment to treat re-


    hydrate patients with dehydration, or to
    deliver medications to cells. However
    they can also be dangerous if used
    improperly as they can cause cells to
    burst and lead to tissue damage or other
    complications.
    HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS (CONCENTRATED )

    • Hypertonic solution is a solution with a higher concentration of solute (particles)


    compared to another solution, and lower concentration of water molecules, which causes
    water to move out from the cell when it is in contact with living cells

    This can result in shrinkage or even cell death, as the cells lose water to the
    hypertonic environment
    WHY DO WE USE HYPERTONIC SOLUTION IN

    • They are used in medical settings to treat


    conditions such as hyponatremia(low
    sodium levels in the blood), and cerebral
    edema (brain swelling). They can be
    used in laboratory settings to study cell
    behaviour and other biological processes
    Solutions which have the same freezing point depression and same vapour pressure
    depression have the same osmotic pressure and are isotonic. Number of particles in
    solution depends on whether the substance dissolved in electrolyte or non-electrolyte
    ISOTONICITY CALCULATIION

    • Sodium chloride equivalent method


    • White-Vincent method
    • Freezing point depression method
    ISOHYDRIC SOLUTION

    • Proper control of hydrojen ion concentratıon (PH) plays an ımportant part ın preparıng
    satısfactory and therapautıcally effectıve medecıne. Normally, blood ıs weak alkalıne wıth
    a PH of approxımately 7.4 (the normal range between 7.3-7.5). It ıs very ımportant that
    PH value of blood does not exceed 7.8 oe death may ensure.

    • check the PH scale from your lab book


    CONTROLLED PH VALUE IS IMPORTANT IN:

    • Mainating stability of pharmaceutical subastances


    • Prevention of unwanted colour changes in certain solutions
    • Increasing or decreasing solubility
    • Preventing irritation
    • Increasing bioavailibility of active ingredients affecting therapeutic effect of dosage form
    PREPARATION OF PARENTAL DOSAGE FORMS

    • 1. Sınce Water ıs the maın physiological fluid of human body, it is used generally in
    preparing parental dosage forms. (purıfıed water cannot be used ın preparatıon ıntendd
    for parental admınıstratıon).
    • 2. read the rest of the steps from your Lab book
    CONTAINERS

    • 2 kinds of containers for injections… single dose and multiple dose.


    • Single dose is container is ampule whose volume range from 1 to 25 ml.
    • All glass ampules are single dose containers
    • Multiple dose containers are vials or bottles with volume
    Ranging from 1 to 1000 ml which are closed by rubber stopper
    And sealed with aluminium seal
    • Glasses should be sterilised at 160 for 1-2 hrs
    STERILISATION

    Apparatus used for steam


    sterilization under pressure is
    called autoclave. It functions at
    121 degrees Celsius and 1 atm
    pressure for 15 mins or 116
    degrees Celsius and 0.5 atm for
    10 mins. Saturated steam at 121
    can kill all form of bacteria and
    bacterial spores. However only
    steam pressure is effective
    while air pressure is ineffective
    EXPERIMENT 1. OPHTHALMIC PREPARATION USING
    SODIUM CHLORIDE EQUIVALENT METHOD

    • Objectıves:
    1. To learn the sodıum chlorıde opthalmıc method
    2. 2. to prepare opthalmıc solutıons usıng (sodıum chlorıde equıvalent method)
    WHAT ARE OPTHALMIC SOLUTIONS

    • Opthalmıc solutıons are sterile, usually ısotonıc, and buffered solutıons whıch are free
    from foreıgn partıcles and are ıntended for ınstıllatıon ınto eyes. They usually contaın
    actıve substances for antıbacterıal, anesthetıc, mydrıatıc or dıagnostıc purposes.
    • Examples of opthalmıc solutıons;
    Eye drops

    Eye lotıons Eye wash

    Contact lens
    Opthalmıc solutıon
    suspensıon
    HOW TO PREPARE EYE MEDICATION

    • 1. Isotonıcıty
    • 2. Bufferıng
    • Actıve ıngredıents
    • Preservatıves
    • Vıscosıty enhancıng agents
    • Sterıle fıltratıon
    • Packıng
    • Stabılıty and storıng

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