Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and
Phonology
Phonetics
 The word “phone’’ means sound “tics’’ means
scientific or systematic study of something.
So we can say that phonetics means scientific
or systematic study of human speech sound.
 Phonetics is a general study of all human

speech sound and how they are produced
,transmitted and received.
Branches of phonetics
The study of phonetics can be divided into
three main branches
 Articulatory phonetics
 Acoustics phonetics
 Auditory phonetics
Articulatory phonetics
In phonetics ,articulation is the movement of
the tongue , lips , jaw and other speech organs
in ways that make speech sounds.
For example, when making a “p” sound, the lips

come together tightly, blocking the air
temporarily and causing a buildup of air
pressure. The lips then release suddenly
,causing a burst of sound.
Acoustic phonetics
 It is the study of the physical production and
transmission of speech sound.
 Acoustics phonetics deals with the study of

pitch ,loudness and quality of sound.
 Acoustics phonetics investigates properties

of sound waves (amplitude ,duration,
frequency).
Auditory phonetics
 The study of hearing and the perception of
speech sounds.
 For example it involves the working of ear

and brain.
 Ear : by ear we hear the sound
 Brain: by brain we understand the sound.

Why the study of phonetics is
important?
A knowledge of phonetics is a must for a
learner of English language. This knowledge
enables him/her:
1. To give a true description of sound of
English and how they are made.
2. To point out the mistake in learner’s
pronunciation and help them learn the
correct form.
3. To differentiate sounds of English from
those of the mother tongue.
Transcription
 Transcription in the linguistics sense is the
systematic representation of language in
written form. The source can either be
utterances or pre existing text in another
writing system.
Transcription
 In transcription we must known about all the
44 phonetics symbols these phonetics
symbols are sound symbols.
 In English alphabet there are 26 letters ,in
phonetic transcription we have 44 sound

symbols.
 These 44 sound symbols can be divided in
two categories.
1. Consonant (24)
2. Vowel (20)
Transcription
 Out of 24 consonants we have 8 voiced an 16
voiceless.
 While all the vowel are voiced.

phonology
 It is the study of the patterns of language. It is
concerned with how sounds are organized in a
language it examines what occur to speech
sounds when they are combined to a form word
and how these speech sounds interact with each
other. For example, phonology is the
study of different sounds and the way they come
together to form speech and words – such as the
comparison of the sounds of the two ‘’p’’
sounds in ”pop-up”
Branches of phonology
There are four branches of phonology
1. Segmental phonology;
2. Supra-segmental phonology;
3. Diachronic phonology;
4. Synchronic phonology;
Branches of phonology (cont…)
Segmental phonology
It analyses speech into discrete segments such
as phonemes.
Supra-segmental phonology
It analyses those features which extend over
more than one segment such as intonation and
stress.
Branches of phonology
Diachronic phonology
It studies the patterns of sound system
through the history of language.
Synchronic phonology
It studies the patterns of sound regardless of
the process of historical change.
Phone,Phoneme,Allophone
Phone
phone is the smallest ,perceptible ,discrete
segment of sound in the steam of speech.
a. Phone is the minimal unit of speech.
b. Phones are the physical realization of
phonemes
c. Phone is enclosed with square bracket i.e. [p]
Phoneme
phoneme is the smallest, distinctive and
segmental unit of sound.
a. Phoneme is the minimal distinctive unit in
the sound system of language
b. Phonemes are useful to analyze language at
the phonological level
c. Phoneme is enclosed within slants i.e /p/
Allophone
Allophone is a variant of a phoneme . the

allophone are very similar to each other; they do
not change the meaning of a word and they do
not occur in the same phonetic environment.
For example
syllable initial as opposed to syllable final.
All allophones are phones but all phones are not
allophones.
Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a
sequence of speech sounds . For example, the
word water is composed of two syllables : wa
and ter.
Types of syllables:
There are six types of syllables
1. A closed syllable ends in a consonant. The

vowel has a short vowel sound , as in the
word bat.
2. An open syllable ends in a vowel . The vowel
has a long vowel sound , as in the first
syllable of apron.
Types of syllables:
3. A vowel-consonant-e syllable is typically
found at the end of a word . The final e is
silent and makes the next vowel before it
long , as in the word name.
4. A vowel team syllable has two vowels next to

each other that together say a new sound as
in the word south.
Types of syllables
5. A consonant -le syllable is found in words like
handle ,puzzle , and middle .
6. An r-controlled syllable contains a vowel

followed by the letter r .The r controls the
vowel and changes the way it is pronounced ,
as in the word car.
Qamar Aftab Khokhar
BS English 2nd Semester
Roll No: 9996

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Phonetics and

 Phonetics is a general study of all human

For example, when making a “p” sound, the lips

 Acoustics phonetics deals with the study of

 Acoustics phonetics investigates properties

 For example it involves the working of ear

 Ear : by ear we hear the sound

 Brain: by brain we understand the sound.

phonetic transcription we have 44 sound

 While all the vowel are voiced.

Allophone is a variant of a phoneme . the

1. A closed syllable ends in a consonant. The

4. A vowel team syllable has two vowels next to

6. An r-controlled syllable contains a vowel

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