Bahan Kuliah (2) "Qantitative Research"

Bahan Kuliah (2)
“QANTITATIVE RESEARCH”
oleh :
Sigit Sumarsono
1
FIVE WAYS OF KNOWING:
• SENSORY
1. EXPERIENCE (through five sensors: eyes,
nose, ears, tongue, skin.
• AGREEMENT WITH OTHERS (share and checks the
accuracy of what he got with others)
• EXPERT’S OPINION (Knowledge get from (a) reliable person(s)
• LOGIC (Using intellectual capacity or logical thinking to know s-
thing. There are two typical ways: deduction and induction)
• THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Knowing something by testing
one’s ideas in the public/empirical arena)
2
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
To know something by testing his
ideas (=theoretical assumption =
hypothesis) in the public or empirical
arena through systematic steps,
procedures or methods.
•
3
What steps one must follow in a
scientific method?
4
HOW CAN WE STATE A
RESEARCH PROBLEM?
A research problem is commonly posed

as (a) QUESTION(S) which serve(s) as
the focus of the researcher’s
investigation
5
SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Adopted from YUYUN SURIA SUMANTRI)
1. RESEARCH
PROBLEM
2. KERANGKA
SIFAT: BERFIKIR +
DEDUKTIF; KOHEREN; RASIONAL; TEORITIK KAJIAN
KEPUSTAKAAN
MEMPERKAYA 3. HIPOTESIS
KHASANAH ILMU
PENGET
4.
PENGAMATAN EVALUASI
; KUMPUL &
OLAH DATA
SIFAT:
INDUKTIF; STATISTIK; FAKTUAL
TERUJI TAK TERUJI

5. UJI HIPOTESIS
.
7
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS (Adapted from Frankel & Wallen. 2007. HoW to
design and evaluate research in education. McGrawHill. )
1. RESEARCH
PROBLEM
2. HYPOTHESIS/
5. DESIGN& QUESTION(S)
PROCEDURES
4B. INSTRUMENTATION 3A. DEFINITIONS
4A SAMPLE
3B. LITERATURE
REVIEW.
6. DATA ANALYSIS TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS (REJECTING/

(STATISTICS) ACCEPTING THE H-NULL CONCLUSION)
The Method/Procedure above is a kind
of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
It consists of several fixed and rigid
steps to follow
sequentially
Such a method are derived/developed

from the way NATURAL SCIENCES
do researches
9
ARE THERE OTHER TYPES
OF RESEARCH WITH THEIR
OWN PROCEDURES?
Yes, there are.

Since more kinds of sciences exist and
developed/_ing, there have been more
various ways and methods of research
10
What types or kinds or research
can we found up to these days?
There have been various

taxonomies of research types
based on the points of view of
the experts.
11
R. Types can be viewed from at least 5 bases:
1. Upon PURPOSE : Basic >< Applied Research
2. Upon LOCATION: Field >< Laboratory >< Library
3. Upon METHOD: Survey >< Ex Post Facto >< Exprmental

Correlational >< Exprmental ><Naturalistic
Evaluative >< Historical
4. Upon WAYS of EXPLANATION

Descriptive >< Associative >< Interventional
5. Upon PARADIGM
Quantitative >< Qualitative Research
12
Basic
• Research v.s Applied Research
Basic Research
is done due to the development of a theory or science.
The research results are by design not intended to the
‘practical use’ of the case. The researchers doe not aware
of the question “is the result practically implemented?”
Applied Research
is done due to find the answer of practical problem. By
design such a research is intended to resolve a problem in
“practical matter’s” in the daily life.
13
Field >< Laboratory >< Library Researches
Field research is done in (and the data got from) field.

The “field”  may be a real field, (i.e rice field, forest,
sea, etc. related to natural sciences.)
In education, the field  “class-rooms, schools, yards,
library and also students’ homes, etc.”
Laboratory r. is done in the laboratory.

Lab.  Usually a room whr physicians/chemists or
students of chemistry do “pratices”
Lab can be a “wider space”  a replica of the real thing
in real life  lab school
Library r. is a research that collects the data from files or

documents. Files/documents are normally kept in a library.
Survey ; Ex Post Facto; Exprmental; Correlational; Naturalistic
Evaluative >< Historical
Survey >< Experimental

*In a survey, the rsrchers give treatment. Not control or
intervene the objects/subject of the research. He just observes
and collect data he needs.
*In exprment, rsarchers control the variables, give
intervention/treatment and measures the effect
Ex Post Facto  the process can not be replicated. The
evidence happens once (one time) only.
Correlational  relate the relationships of two (or more
variables). The performance of one variables can be predicted
based on the other’s
Naturalistic:
To view, observe and describe of s_thing as it is in
its real and natural place. (it is a kind of qualitative
research)
Evaluative (Evaluation R):

A kind of R in education matters. It is done in order
to get information useful for the basis of ‘DECISION
MAKING’
Historical R:
R that collect various data from files, biography,
or/and persons got involved in the case. The aim to
RECONSTRUCT AN EVIDENCE THAT
HAPPENED IN THE PAST
Descriptive >< Associational >< Intervention
Descriptive R:
Describes a given state of affairs as fully & carefully
possible (i.e in Botany; Zoology)
Associational R:
Involved at least two variables to see the relationship.
Based on this the prediction can be made scientifically
Intervention R
In this research, particular (a) “treatment(s)” is/are
designed and given to the subjects. It is expected it
affect the subjects’ performance
QUANTITAIVE
AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
TYPE OF RESEARCH
(the beliefs and assumptions)
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Assumptions: Assumption:
FACTS and FEELINGS can be The WORLD is made up of
separated. The world is a MULTIPLE COMPLEX
single reality made up of REALITIES and SOCIALLY
facts that can be CON- STRUCTED by different
separated and measured individual views of the same
situation
TYPE OF RESEARCH
(the PURPOSE)
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Seek to establish the relationship To explore the situation and events

between variables and look for from the view points of participants
(some-times) the causes. (who directly get involved ).
Final aim:
Final aim: To get overall understanding
To make generalization through (No hypothesis testing, but
hypothesis testing (or theoretical somtimes hypothesis generating)
justification)
20
TYPE OF RESEARCH
(The Procedures)
RESEARCH RESEARCH
The steps and

The steps has been techniques or strategies
rigidly formulated are flexible. The design
tend to emerge during
and agreed by
the process of the
researchers research.
21
TYPE OF RESEARCH
(The Role of the Researcher)
RESEARCH RESEARCH
To be a DETACHED Become immersed

observer (Like in (PARTICIPANT
OBSERVERS) in the
“EXPERIMENT” as
situations in which they
the prototype of this
do the research (like in
research)
ethnograpic research)
22
RESEARCH PROBLEM, MOSTLY, IS QUESTIONING
THE RELATIONSHIP OF TWO (OR MORE)
VARIABLES:
1. Would facilitating classrooms with air conditioner lengthen the

students’ learning stamina of the students of SMA 18 Jakarta
Selatan ?
Dep. Var.  facilitating c.rooms with A.C (as the treatment).
Indep. Var  the students’ learning stamina (as the effect)
2. Is the technique of webbing more effective than word-meaning
memorizing in increasing the vocabulary capacity of the students
of the fifth grade of SD Pondok Labu 05, Jakarta Selatan?
Dep. Var.  ? Indep. Var.  ?
SOMETIMES, A RESEARCHER IS EAGER TO
KNOW THE PARTICULAR SITUATION; SO THAT THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM ONLY CONSISTS
ONE VARIABLE
EXAMPLES:
WHAT CHANGES WOULD THE TEACHERS
OF ENGLISH AT SMK N 45 JAKARTA
SELATAN LIKE TO DO IN DEVELOPING
THE KTSP FOR THEIR OWN?
HOW IS THE LEARNNG MATERIALS

ABSORTION OF THE 12TH GRADE
STUDENTS OF SMA MUH 3,
JAKSEL?

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Bahan Kuliah (2)

A research problem is commonly posed

TERUJI TAK TERUJI

4B. INSTRUMENTATION 3A. DEFINITIONS

6. DATA ANALYSIS TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS (REJECTING/

Such a method are derived/developed

Yes, there are.

There have been various

3. Upon METHOD: Survey >< Ex Post Facto >< Exprmental

4. Upon WAYS of EXPLANATION

Field research is done in (and the data got from) field.

Laboratory r. is done in the laboratory.

Library r. is a research that collects the data from files or

Survey >< Experimental

Evaluative (Evaluation R):

Seek to establish the relationship To explore the situation and events

The steps and

To be a DETACHED Become immersed

1. Would facilitating classrooms with air conditioner lengthen the

HOW IS THE LEARNNG MATERIALS

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