Antihypotensive Drugs: Roger Joseph Ii Ramos Jecino, RN, M.D
Antihypotensive Drugs: Roger Joseph Ii Ramos Jecino, RN, M.D
Antihypotensive Drugs: Roger Joseph Ii Ramos Jecino, RN, M.D
DRUGS
ROGER JOSEPH II RAMOS JECINO, RN, M.D.
• Sympathetic Adrenergic Agonists or Vasopressor
• Sympathomimmetic drugs are the first choice for treating severe hypotension or shock
• E.g Dobutamine, Dopamine, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
• MOA: they react with sympathetic adrenergic receptors to cause the effects of a sympathetic
stress response:
• Increase blood pressure
• Increase blood volume
• Increase strength of cardiac muscle contraction
• Adverse Effects:
• Decrease GI activity
• Nausea and constipation
• Increase respiratory rate
• Changes in blood pressure
• Changes in peripheral blood flow with numbness and tingling
• Alpha specific adrenergic agents
• E.g. Midodrine
• Use to treat orthostatic hypotension
• MOA: activate alpha receptors and produce an increase vascular tone, and
increase in the blood pressure
• Metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine
• Contraindicated in patient with supine hypertension, CAD, or
pheochromocytoma
ANTIARRHYTHMIC
DRUGS
ROGER JOSEPH II RAMOS JECINO
CLASS I ANTIARRHYTHMIC
• MOA: blocks the SODIUM CHANNELS in the cell membrane during an action
potential, depresses phase O of the action potential
• Subclasses
• Class Ia – disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine
• Class Ib – lidocaine, mexiletine
• Class Ic –flecainide, propafenone
• Indications – tachycardia, potentially life threatening Ventricular Tachycardia
• Metabolism – Liver; Excretion – Kidney
• Able to cross placenta and present in milks
• Adverse events: CNS – dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, twitching, slurred
speech, etc.; GI – changes in taste, nausea and vomiting; Cardiovascular –
proarrhythmic effects (e.g. Heart block), hypotension, vasodilation and
potential cardiac arrest; Respiratory depression
• Drug to Drug interaction
• Never to combine with beta-blockers and digoxin which are known to cause
arrhythmias
• Quinidne competes for renal transport sites with digoxin. Combining the two lead to
digoxin toxicity
• Drug-Food Reaction
• Quinidine requires a slightly acidic urine for excretion. Avoid food that alkalinize the
urine.
• Grapefruit intereferes with the metabolism of quinidine, leading to increased serum
levels.
CLASS II ANTIARRHYTHMIC
• MOA: beta adrenergic blockers that block beta-receptors, causing a depression of phase 4 of the action potential.
• Heart – decrease heart rate, cardiac excitability and cardiac output, slowing of conduction through AV node.
• Kidney – decrease in the release of renin.
• Pharmacokinetics:
• Oral – acebutolol, propranolol; Intravenous – Esmolol, Propranolol
• Exretion – urine; Metabolism - Liver
• Contraindication
• Sinus bradycardia
• AV blocks
• Hypotension
• Heart Failure
• Asthma/COPD
• Caution: diabetes, thyroid dysfunction
• Adverse Effect
• CNS – dizziness, insomnia, dreams and fatigue
• Cardiovascular – hypotension, bradycardia, AV block
• Respiratory – bronchospasm and dyspnea
• Gastrointestinal – nausea, vomiting, anorexia, constipation
• Drug to Drug interaction
• Verapamil – increases the adverse event, use cautiously
• Insulin – may increase possibility of hypoglycemia, patient should be monitored
closely
• Prototype
• Propranolol – indicated for patient with SVT, Vtach induced by digitalis and
catecholamines
CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC