The document discusses various types of projections used in 3D graphics including parallel, perspective, orthographic, axonometric, and oblique projections. It describes key aspects of each type of projection such as how lines and angles are treated and advantages and disadvantages of each for different applications.
The document discusses various types of projections used in 3D graphics including parallel, perspective, orthographic, axonometric, and oblique projections. It describes key aspects of each type of projection such as how lines and angles are treated and advantages and disadvantages of each for different applications.
The document discusses various types of projections used in 3D graphics including parallel, perspective, orthographic, axonometric, and oblique projections. It describes key aspects of each type of projection such as how lines and angles are treated and advantages and disadvantages of each for different applications.
The document discusses various types of projections used in 3D graphics including parallel, perspective, orthographic, axonometric, and oblique projections. It describes key aspects of each type of projection such as how lines and angles are treated and advantages and disadvantages of each for different applications.
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Chapter 4 – Viewing
• Viewing Transformation – Three transformations • Camera transformation or eye transformation • Projection transformation • Viewport transformation or windowing transformation • Projective Transformations
Faculty of Computer Science
Graphics Pipeline
• Graphics hardware employs a sequence of
coordinate systems – The location of the geometry is expressed in each coordinate system in turn, and modified along the way – The movement of geometry through these spaces is considered a pipeline Local World View Canonical Display Coordinate Coordinate Space View Space Space Space Volume
Faculty of Computer Science
Local Coordinate Space
• It is easiest to define individual objects in a local
coordinate system – For instance, a cube is easiest to define with faces parallel to the coordinate axes • Key idea: Object instantiation – Define an object in a local coordinate system – Use it multiple times by copying it and transforming it into the global system – This is the only effective way to have libraries of 3D objects Faculty of Computer Science World Coordinate System
• Everything in the world is transformed into one
coordinate system - the world coordinate system – It has an origin, and three coordinate directions, x, y, and z • Lighting is defined in this space – The locations, brightness’ and types of lights • The camera is defined with respect to this space • Some higher level operations, such as advanced visibility computations, can be done here Faculty of Computer Science View Space
• Define a coordinate system based on the eye and image
plane – the camera – The eye is the center of projection, like the aperture in a camera – The image plane is the orientation of the plane on which the image should “appear,” like the film plane of a camera • Some camera parameters are easiest to define in this space – Focal length, image size • Relative depth is captured by a single number in this space – The “normal to image plane” coordinate
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Canonical View Volume
• Canonical View Space: A cube, with the origin at the
center, the viewer looking down –z, x to the right, and y up – Canonical View Volume is the cube: [-1,1]×[-1,1]×[-1,1] – Variants (later) with viewer looking down +z and z from 0-1 – Only things that end up inside the canonical volume can appear in the window • Tasks: Parallel sides and unit dimensions make many operations easier – Clipping – decide what is in the window – Rasterization - decide which pixels are covered – Hidden surface removal - decide what is in front – Shading - decide what color things are
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Window Space • Window Space: Origin in one corner of the “window” on the screen, x and y match screen x and y • Windows appear somewhere on the screen – Typically you want the thing you are drawing to appear in your window – But you may have no control over where the window appears
• You target Window Space, and the windowing system takes care of putting it on the screen
coner(20,80) and lower right corner(80,40) and view port of uper left corner(30,60) and lower left corner (60,40).Convert window coordinate of a point at (30,70) to viewport. Q-2:Windowport(100,100,300,300) Viewport(50,50,150,150). Convert windowport coordinate (200,200) to viewport. Faculty of Computer Science PROJECTIONS
• Once world-coordinate descriptions of the
objects in a scene are converted to viewing coordinates. • Project the three-dimensional objects onto the two dimensional view plane
• Projection vector -the direction for the projection lines Orthographic parallel projection -the projection is perpendicular to the view plane
Faculty of Computer Science
Faculty of Computer Science • Isometric Projection: All projectors make equal angles generally angle is of 30°. • Dimetric: In these two projectors have equal angles. With respect to two principle axis. • Trimetric: The direction of projection makes unequal angle with their principle axis. • Cavalier: All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected with no change in length. • Cabinet: All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected to one half of their length. These give a realistic appearance of object.
– Shapes preserved – Can be used for measurements • Building plans • Manuals • Cannot see what object really looks like because many surfaces hidden from view – Often we add the isometric
• Objects further from viewer are projected smaller than
the same sized objects closer to the viewer (diminution) – Looks realistic • Equal distances along a line are not projected into equal distances (nonuniform foreshortening) • Angles preserved only in planes parallel to the projection plane • More difficult to construct by hand than parallel projections (but not more difficult by computer)
