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    Projections: Sanu Philip No:47

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    tusg
    There are two main types of projections: perspective and parallel. In perspective projection, lines converge to a single point called the center of projection, creating the illusion of depth. In parallel projection, lines remain parallel as they are projected onto the view plane. Perspective projection is more realistic but parallel projection preserves proportions. Perspective projections can be one-point, two-point, or three-point depending on the number of principal vanishing points. Orthographic projections use perpendicular lines while oblique projections are at an angle. Common parallel projections include isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier and cabinet views.

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    Projections: Sanu Philip No:47

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    tusg
    61 views21 pages
    There are two main types of projections: perspective and parallel. In perspective projection, lines converge to a single point called the center of projection, creating the illusion of depth. In parallel projection, lines remain parallel as they are projected onto the view plane. Perspective projection is more realistic but parallel projection preserves proportions. Perspective projections can be one-point, two-point, or three-point depending on the number of principal vanishing points. Orthographic projections use perpendicular lines while oblique projections are at an angle. Common parallel projections include isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier and cabinet views.

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    There are two main types of projections: perspective and parallel. In perspective projection, lines converge to a single point called the center of projection, creating the illusion of depth. In parallel projection, lines remain parallel as they are projected onto the view plane. Perspective projection is more realistic but parallel projection preserves proportions. Perspective projections can be one-point, two-point, or three-point depending on the number of principal vanishing points. Orthographic projections use perpendicular lines while oblique projections are at an angle. Common parallel projections include isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier and cabinet views.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    61 views21 pages

    Projections: Sanu Philip No:47

    Uploaded by

    tusg
    There are two main types of projections: perspective and parallel. In perspective projection, lines converge to a single point called the center of projection, creating the illusion of depth. In parallel projection, lines remain parallel as they are projected onto the view plane. Perspective projection is more realistic but parallel projection preserves proportions. Perspective projections can be one-point, two-point, or three-point depending on the number of principal vanishing points. Orthographic projections use perpendicular lines while oblique projections are at an angle. Common parallel projections include isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier and cabinet views.

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    of 21

    PROJECTIONS

    Sanu Philip
    No:47

    1
    Transform 3D objects on to a 2D plane using
    projections

    2 types of projections
    Perspective
    Parallel

    In parallel projection, coordinate positions are


    transformed to the view plane along parallel lines.
    In perspective projection, object position are
    transformed to the view plane along lines that
    converge to a point called projection reference point
    (center of projection)

    2
    Perspective Projection

    3
    Parallel Projection

    4
    PROJECTIONS

    PARALLEL
    PERSPECTIVE
    (parallel projectors)
    (converging projectors)

    One point
    Orthographic Oblique
    (one principal
    (projectors perpendicular (projectors not perpendicular to vanishing point)
    to view plane) view plane)

    Two point
    General (Two principal
    Multiview Axonometric vanishing point)

    (view plane parallel (view plane not parallel to Cavalier


    to principal planes) principal planes)
    Three point
    (Three principal
    vanishing point)
    Cabinet
    Isometric Dimetric Trimetric

    5
    Perspective v Parallel

    • Perspective:
    – visual effect is similar to human visual system...
    – has 'perspective foreshortening'
    • size of object varies inversely with distance from the center of
    projection. Projection of a distant object are smaller than the
    projection of objects of the same size that are closer to the
    projection plane.
    • Parallel:
    It preserves relative proportion of object.
    – less realistic view because of no foreshortening
    – however, parallel lines remain parallel.

    6
    Perspective Projections

    • Characteristics:

    • Center of Projection (CP) is a finite distance from object


    • Projectors are rays (i.e., non-parallel)
    • Vanishing points
    • Objects appear smaller as distance from CP (eye of observer)
    increases
    • Difficult to determine exact size and shape of object
    • Most realistic, difficult to execute

    7
    • When a 3D object is projected onto view plane using
    perspective transformation equations, any set of parallel lines
    in the object that are not parallel to the projection plane,
    converge at a vanishing point.
    – There are an infinite number of vanishing points,
    depending on how many set of parallel lines there are in
    the scene.
    • If a set of lines are parallel to one of the three principle axes,
    the vanishing point is called an principal vanishing point.
    – There are at most 3 such points, corresponding to the
    number of axes cut by the projection plane.

    8
    Vanishing points

    • Certain set of parallel lines appear to meet at a different point


    – The Vanishing point for this direction
    • Principal vanishing points are formed by the apparent
    intersection of lines parallel to one of the three principal x, y, z
    axes.
    • The number of principal vanishing points is determined by the
    number of principal axes intersected by the view plane.
    • Sets of parallel lines on the same plane lead to collinear
    vanishing points.
    – The line is called the horizon for that plane

    9
    Classes of Perspective Projection
    • One-Point Perspective
    • Two-Point Perspective
    • Three-Point Perspective

    10
    One-Point Perspective

    11
    Two-point perspective projection:

    – This is often used in architectural, engineering and


    industrial design drawings.
    –

    12
    Three-point perspective projection
    • Three-point perspective projection is used less
    frequently as it adds little extra realism to that
    offered by two-point perspective projection

    13
    Parallel Projections
    • We can define a parallel projection with a projection vector that
    defines the direction for the projection lines.
    2 types:
    • Orthographic : when the projection is perpendicular to the view
    plane. In short,
    – direction of projection = normal to the projection plane.
    – the projection is perpendicular to the view plane.
    • Oblique : when the projection is not perpendicular to the view
    plane. In short,
    – direction of projection normal to the projection plane.
    – Not perpendicular.

    14
    • Orthographic projection Oblique projection

    when the projection is when the projection is not


    perpendicular to the view perpendicular to the view
    plane plane

    15
    Orthographic (or orthogonal) projections:

    – Front, side and rear orthographic projection of an object are


    called elevations and the top orthographic projection is called
    plan view.
    – all have projection plane perpendicular to a principle axes.
    – Here length and angles are accurately depicted and measured
    from the drawing, so engineering and architectural drawings
    commonly employee this.
    • However, As only one face of an object is shown, it can be hard to
    create a mental image of the object, even when several views are
    available.

    16
    Orthogonal projections:

    17
    Axonometric orthographic projections

    • Orthographic projections that show more than one face of an


    object are called axonometric orthographic projections.
    •
     The most common axonometric
    projection is an isometric
    projection where the projection
    plane intersects each coordinate
    axis in the model coordinate
    system at an equal distance.

    18
    • 2 common oblique parallel projections:
    Cavalier and Cabinet

    Cavalier projection:
    All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected with
    no change in length.

    19
    Cabinet projection:
    – Lines which are perpendicular to the projection plane
    (viewing surface) are projected at 1 / 2 the length .
    – This results in foreshortening of the z axis, and
    provides a more “realistic” view.

    20
    THANK YOU
    21

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