Chapter-6: "Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems" by Mandal and Asif
Chapter-6: "Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems" by Mandal and Asif
Chapter-6: "Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems" by Mandal and Asif
t
0
Im{s}
Re{s}
a 0
at 1
e u (t ) L
with ROC: Re{s} a
sa
t
0
Im{s}
Re{s}
a 0
1
e at u (t )
L
with ROC: Re{s} a
sa
Laplace Transform
Region of Convergence
x(t) (ROC)
x(t )e
st
X (s) dt
1 Re{s} > 0
2. x(t) = u(t )
s
3. x(t) = u(t) u(t a) 1
s
1 e as Re{s} > 0
1 Re{s} > a
4. x(t) = eat u(t) a s
1 Re{s} > 0
5. x(t) = t u(t)
s2
n! Re{s} > 0
6. x(t) = tn u(t) s n 1
1 Re{s} > a
7. x(t) = t eat u(t) a s 2
n! Re{s} > a
8. x(t) = tn eat u(t)
a s n 1
s Re{s} > 0
9. x(t) = cos(0t) u(t) 02 s 2
0 Re{s} > 0
10. x(t) = sin(0t) u(t)
0 s 2
2
a s Re{s} > a
11. x(t) = exp(at) cos(0t) u(t) ( a s ) 2 02
0 Re{s} > a
12. x(t) = exp(at) sin(0t) u(t) 2
(a s) 02
1
x(t ) e 3t u (t ); X ( s)
s3
1
X (s) ; X ( s ) tan 1
( 3) 2 2 3
x(t ) e 3t u (t )
1
X ( ) ; X ( ) tan1
9 2 3
1/4 X ()
0
< X()
/2
0
/2
g(t)
4
t
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
14 for s 0
G s 4
s 2 1 e s
se 4 s
for s 0.
h(t)
3
t
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
9 for s 0
H s 1.5
s 2 1 e 2 s
2 se 4 s
for s 0.
f(t)
6
t
1 3 4 5 6 7
18 for s 0
H s
s 2 e e 2se for s 0
3 3 s 5 s 7 s
x(t )e
st
time domain X ( j) x(t )e jt dt X ( s) dt
Linearity: a1 X 1 ( s ) a 2 X 2 ( s )
a1 X 1 () a2 X 2 ()
a1 x1 (t ) a2 x2 (t ) ROC : at least R1 R2
Time Scaling: 1 X ( as )
1
|a|
X ( a ) | a|
x( at ) with ROC : aR
Time Shifting: e st0 X ( s )
x (t t0 ) e j0t X ()
with ROC : R
Frequency / s-domain Shifting: X ( s s0 )
X ( 0 )
x(t )e j0t or x(t )e s0t with ROC : R Re{s 0 }
Time Differentiation: jX () sX ( s) x 0
dx / dt with ROC : R
t X (s)
X ( )
Time Integration:
x ( )d j
X (0)() s
with ROC : R Re{s} 0 ,
Frequency / s-domain
jdX / d dX / ds
Differentiation: ( t ) x(t )
Duality:
2 x () Not applicable
X (t )
Time Convolution: X 1 ( s) X 2 (s )
X 1 () X 2 ()
x1 (t ) x2 (t ) ROC includes R1 R2
1
Frequency / s-domain 2
X 1 ( s) X 2 ( s )
1 X 1 () X 2 ()
Convolution: x1 (t ) x2 (t ) 2
ROC includes R1 R2
2 2
Parsevals Relationship: x (t ) dt 21 X ( ) d Not applicable
lim sX ( s )
Initial value: s
x(0+) if it exists
1
2 X ()d provided s = ∞ is included
in the ROC of sX(s).
lim sX ( s )
Final value: s0
Not applicable
x(∞) if it exists provided s = 0 is included
in the ROC of sX(s).
x xx x Re{s} (a)
8 6 4 2 0 2
( s 4) Im{s}
H 2 ( s) s 3 5 s 2 17 s 13
x j3
x Re{s}
8 6 4 2 0 2
x j3
H 3 ( s) 1
s
e 10 Im{s}
(b)
x j3
x j
Re{s}
8 6 4 x2 0 2
j
x j3
Im{s}
y1(t)
2
x1 (t ) u t
y1 (t ) 1 cos(5t ) u t
1
t
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
y2(t)
x2 (t ) sin(5t ) u t
25
12.5
y2 (t ) 0.5
sin(5t ) 5t cos(5t ) u(t ) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
t
12.5
25
Im{s}
x jb
Re{s}
a 0 a
W (s )
X ( s) H1 ( s ) H 2 (s) Y (s)
X (s) H ( s ) H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) Y (s)
L
h(t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t ) H ( s ) H 1 ( s ) H 2 ( s )
Y1 ( s )
H1 ( s )
X ( s) Y (s)
H 2 ( s)
Y2 ( s)
X (s) H ( s ) H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) Y (s)
L
h(t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t ) H ( s ) H 1 ( s ) H 2 ( s )
E (s)
X (s) H1 ( s ) Y (s)
W (s )
H 2 ( s)
H1 ( s )
X (s) H ( s) Y (s )
1 H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s )
h(t )
x(t ) y (t )
(t 1) h(t )
h1 (t ) (t 1) h(t )
ha (t ) h(t ) h (t 1).
x(t ) y (t )
(t T )
h23 (t ) h2 (t ) h3 (t )
h2 (t )
x(t ) h1 (t ) y (t )
h3 (t )
h4 (t )
hc (t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t ) h1 (t ) h3 (t ) h4 (t )