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    Conversion From Latitude/Longitude To Cartesian Coordinates

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    MinaAdly
    This document discusses different coordinate systems used to represent locations on Earth, including geodetic datums, vertical datums, horizontal datums, and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). It also describes how to convert WGS 84 latitude and longitude coordinates to Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by assuming a spherical Earth and calculating distance based on degrees of longitude and latitude. Finally, it mentions other coordinate systems like UTM and State Plane that may be more appropriate than WGS 84 for certain applications.

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    Conversion From Latitude/Longitude To Cartesian Coordinates

    Uploaded by

    MinaAdly
    121 views34 pages
    This document discusses different coordinate systems used to represent locations on Earth, including geodetic datums, vertical datums, horizontal datums, and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). It also describes how to convert WGS 84 latitude and longitude coordinates to Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by assuming a spherical Earth and calculating distance based on degrees of longitude and latitude. Finally, it mentions other coordinate systems like UTM and State Plane that may be more appropriate than WGS 84 for certain applications.

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    Lat_Long_Conversion.pptx

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    This document discusses different coordinate systems used to represent locations on Earth, including geodetic datums, vertical datums, horizontal datums, and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). It also describes how to convert WGS 84 latitude and longitude coordinates to Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by assuming a spherical Earth and calculating distance based on degrees of longitude and latitude. Finally, it mentions other coordinate systems like UTM and State Plane that may be more appropriate than WGS 84 for certain applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    121 views34 pages

    Conversion From Latitude/Longitude To Cartesian Coordinates

    Uploaded by

    MinaAdly
    This document discusses different coordinate systems used to represent locations on Earth, including geodetic datums, vertical datums, horizontal datums, and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). It also describes how to convert WGS 84 latitude and longitude coordinates to Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by assuming a spherical Earth and calculating distance based on degrees of longitude and latitude. Finally, it mentions other coordinate systems like UTM and State Plane that may be more appropriate than WGS 84 for certain applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    Conversion from

    Latitude/Longitude to
    Cartesian Coordinates
    Geodetic Datums
    • Define the shape and size of the earth.

    • Reference points on a coordinate system


    used to map the earth.

    • There are hundreds of datums currently in


    use; all are either vertical or horizontal in
    orientation.
    Vertical Datums
    • Defines a system of zero surface
    elevation
    • This surface is then used to
    reference heights
    • Many vertical datums reference the
    geoid as a surface of zero elevation
    • The geoid can be described as the
    surface of the earth if it was
    completely covered by water. This
    surface would be smooth but highly
    irregular reflecting changes in
    gravity due to the earth irregular
    surface.
    Horizontal Datums
    • Forms the basis of
    horizontal coordinates
    • Earth is modeled as an
    ellipsoid
    • The center of the ellipsoid
    must coincide with the
    earths center of mass
    • A datum is then placed on
    the ellipsoid for reference
    World Geodetic System 1984
    • The reference coordinate
    system used by GPS
    • Globally consistent
    within ± 1 meter
    • Datum is located at
    where the Prime
    Meridian and Equator
    cross
    WGS 84 Coordinates
    • WGS 84 are used by GPS systems

    • Land Surveys conducted with GPS will consist


    of WGS 84 coordinates with coinciding
    elevation measurements.
    WGS 84 Survey
    • Surveys in this raw form
    are not very useful.
    • The longitude and latitude
    are simply references to
    the WGS 84 datum
    measured in degrees
    • The elevation is measured
    in a unit of length from a
    reference geodic elevation
    WGS 84 Survey
    • Longitude and latitude
    do not provide
    measurements of
    length .
    • Without measurements
    of length, one cannot
    calculate area, volume,
    or slope.
    Cartesian Coordinates
    • A better way to represent these data would be
    in a Cartesian form
    • (X,Y,Z) in units of (length,length,length)
    - i.e. (m,m,m) or (ft,ft,ft)
    • There is a need to find a practical way to
    convert (degrees longitude, degrees latitude,
    m) to (m,m,m)
    Assumptions
    • In order to convert
    from degrees to
    meters. Assume that
    the ellipsoidal based
    datum of the WGS 84
    system can also be
    modeled as a sphere.
    Assumptions
    • This allows a constant
    earthly radius (R)
    • The radius of the earth
    is approximately 6,371
    km (3,959 mi)
    Arc Length at Equator
    • The ratio of the arc
    length and
    circumference is Circumference (C)
    2π radians

    equal to the ratio of


    α and 2π radians
    Arc Length at Equator
    • Now let use choose a
    value for α. Circumference (C)

    • To keep it simple we
    2π radians

    will choose 1⁰ ( π/180


    radians)
    Arc Length at Equator
    • C = 2πR
    • α = π/180 Circumference (C)
    2π radians

    • R= 6,371 km

    • L = 111.19 km
    ( at the equator)
    Arc Length
    • This value of 111.19 km
    represents the distance
    between one degree of
    longitude at the equator
    • A new radius must be
    calculated for all other
    parallels
    Arc length at Latitude α
    • α = degree of
    r
    latitude of the
    location
    R
    • Alternate
    interior angles

    r = R cos(a)
    Length of One Degree of
    Length of a Degree of Latitude 
    Longitude 
    (on the WGS 84 Ellipsoid) 
    (on WGS 84 Ellipsoid)
    Kilometre
    Latitude  Kilometres  Miles  Latitude  Miles
    s 
    0º  111.32  69.17  0º 110.57 68.71 
    10º  109.64  68.13  10º 110.61 68.73
    20º  104.65  65.03  20º 110.70 68.79
    30º  96.49  59.95  30º 110.85 68.88
    40º  85.39  53.06  40º 111.04 68.99
    50º  71.70  44.55  50º 111.23 69.12
    60º  55.80  34.67  60º 111.41 69.23
    70º  38.19  23.73  70º 111.56 69.32
    80º  19.39  12.05  80º 111.66 69.38
    90º  0.00  0.00  90º 111.69 69.40

    At the equator, the distance of between one degree of latitude of WGS 84 is


    111.32 km. This is close to 111.17 km. ( less than one percent error) Proving
    that the circular assumption is valid.
    Choosing a Datum
    • In order to assign Cartesian values to WGS
    84 coordinates, we must establish a datum
    from which each point will be referenced
    from.
    • A wise choice for a field survey datum
    would be the minimum observed longitude,
    latitude, and elevation. Doing this will
    assure that all the converted data will be
    positively referenced from the datum.
    • This will allow for the data to fit exclusively
    into the first quadrant when plotted.
    Referencing Longitude from Datum
    Example:
    Minimum longitude = -89.6579
    Observed longitude = -89.65741
    Observed latitude = 38.34133
    R = 6,371 km

    X = .04273 km
    X= 42.73 m
    Referencing Latitude from Datum
    • Example:
    • Minimum latitude=
    38.33916
    • Observed latitude=
    38.34133

    241.29 m
    Determine the area (in square miles) bounded
    by Mount Zion, DeLand and Monticello, three
    towns in Illinois.
     
    Let a, b and c be the lengths of the three sides of the triangle.
    The area of this triangle is given by:
     
    Area = Sqrt [ s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c) ]
     
    where s = (1 / 2)(a + b + c).
    Using Excel to Convert Data
    • It is practical to use Microsoft Excel
    or another program to convert data
    from Lat/Long to Cartesian
    Coordinates. An Excel template was
    created for this conversion.
    Excel Template
    Excel Template
    Excel Template
    Excel Template
    Excel Template
    Excel Template
    Excel Template
    UTM projection
    • Universe Transverse Mercator
    • Conformal projection (shapes are preserved)
    • Cylindrical surface
    • Two standard meridians
    • Zones are 6 degrees of longitude wide
    UTM zones
    Zone 16

    Zone 15
    State Plane Coordinate System

    • System of map projections designed for the


    US
    • It is a coordinate system vs a map projection
    (such as UTM, which is a set of map
    projections)
    • Designed to minimize distortions to 1 in
    10000
    Illinois East
    1201

    Illinois West
    1202

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