Revision Session 2011

Theory Consolidation Session
 Time allowed 2hrs

 Learning outcomes 1,3 and 4
 10 questions to be answered in the booklet
provided
 Graded subject according to the Module
document criteria.
 Gaining a different
point of view or
perspective can be
useful once you
understand the
fundamentals- if so
please have a look at
Ch25 in Marieb p923-
934.

Q1. Describe the different types of energy used by the body during survival.

Q2. Discuss the role of ATP in the body:
 What is the chemical composition of ATP
 Describe the hydrolysis of ATP to perform cellular work
 What is the role of co-enzymes in the re-synthesis of ATP?

Q3. What are enzymes? What factors effect there activity and describe some
roles they perform within biological systems.

Q4. When a co-enzyme accepts electrons and hydrogen ions from donor
molecules what is the name of this chemical process called?

Q5. Alternatively, when co-enzymes donate electrons and hydrogen ions
what do we call this process?
Q1. Where does glycolysis “fit in”- so to speak- within the different stages of
metabolism?
Q2. Glycolysis is the metabolism of carbohydrates- monosaccharide’s

specifically- what are the names of the three different types of
monosaccharide’s that glycolysis processes?
Q3. Discuss the role of glycolysis within the body:

Define the term “glycolysis”
State the net energy (ATP) production of glycolysis for a single molecule
of glucose, 3 molecules of glucose and 1.02x 105 molecules of glucose.
Aside- if you consume 130gms of glucose at breakfast (remember fruit
loops!)- how many moles of glucose did you consume? HINT: the
formula weight of glucose is 180gms.
State the conditions and location of where glycolysis occurs.
What molecule acts as the “terminal electron” acceptor in the glycolytic
pathway?
Q4. Referring to your notes- write the equation for the metabolism including
all co-enzymes, energy based molecules and resultant products.
Q5. Describe how the other major dietary sugars (galactose and fructose) are
metabolised by the glycolytic pathway.
Q1. When anaerobic cellular conditions prevail- what metabolic
options are available for the pyruvate molecule?
Q2. Why do mature red blood cells rely on the lactic acid
fermentation pathway exclusively within the body?
Q3. When looking at the process of fermentation (lactic acid/
ethanol) both are considered relatively low energy yield
pathways. What important co-enzyme do these pathways
recycle so that glycolysis can continue as long as possible?
Q4. What is the physiological danger of prolonged lactic acid
generation HINT: what happens to the neurological and
respiratory systems during this state?
Q5. How is the process of glycolysis controlled in the body?
What does the term “energy charge” of the cell mean?
Q6. Name the three main enzymes that control glycolysis- what
happens to the rate of these enzymes if the energy charge of
the cell is dangerously low?
Q7. What does the term “allosteric” mean?
Q1. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) has been described as a “biosynthetic
pathway” in the body. Specifically-
Explain the term “biosynthetic” in the context of metabolism
What are the two products that this pathways creates
Is there a common relationship between glycolysis and the PPP? (HINT: which
intermediate do they share?)
Q2. Pyruvate is the end product of the glycolytic pathway. Discuss the passage way of
pyruvate into the mitochondria. Specifically: (see slide 19)
The name of the co-enzyme used to “ferry” pyruvate into the mitochondria
The name of the product formed during this passageway
The name of the co-enzyme that is reduced during the process
Q3. Why is the Citric acid cycle referred to by this name?

Q4. Referring to slide 31, review the outputs of the Citric acid cycle. Look at the
previous slide (#30) and trace the origins of each of these compounds.

Q5. The Citric acid cycle also referred to as a “biosynthetic pathway”- why is this so?

Q6. Looking at the citric acid cycle we see that 3 of the 4 co-enzymes used are NAD-
why is FAD used as a co-enzyme in one of the oxidation steps used to capture an
electron and its hydrogen ion?

Q1. Discuss the organisation of both the electron transport chain (ETC) and the process of
oxidative phosphorylation (OP) in relation to the Krebs cycle within the mitochondria of
the cell.

Q2. One molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP molecules when completely metabolised in the
presence of oxygen. There are three discrete steps involved in harvesting this energy- for
each step discuss the ATP produced. HINT: You may wish to refer to the ATP
generation with reference to the different co-enzymes used.

Q3. How does the ETC produce a high proton concentration (aka gradient) within the inter-
membranous space of the mitochondria? Why is this important?

Q4. What is the significance of the membranous protein called the ATP synthase?
What molecule does it produce?
What molecule and how many of this species does it use to produce its product?

Q5. Oxygen is often referred to as the “terminal electron acceptor” in aerobic metabolism.
Looking at the ETC can you see where oxygen is incorporated into this pathway? What
is this product often referred to as?
Q1. Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose molecules that is stored within the body. Answer the following
questions:
What is the role of glycogen in the body?
Describe the major glycogen storage sites within the body
Define the terms “glycogenolysis” and “glycogenesis” in relation to glycogen.
Q2. Discuss the role of the liver in glycogen metabolism HINT: address both phases of glycogen metabolism
within your answer.
Q3. Make comment on the statement:

“Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are metabolically identical pathways within the body that occur
simultaneously”
Q4. Gluconeogenesis is the process by which non-glucose molecules are converted to glucose in the body:
Discuss the following terms:
“Non-glucose sources”
Compare the metabolic “cost” i.e. ATP of gluconeogenesis in the body in comparison to glycolysis.
The implications of using amino acids for this process over a prolonged period of time.
Q5. The Cori cycle is a specific pathway in the body incorporating the process of gluconeogenesis. Discuss
the circumstances under which this pathway occurs and the benefits of having this system available
for the body.
 Learning Outcome Three:
 Identify Energy Molecules
 Lecture One/ Week One
 Learning Outcome Four:

 Structure and Role of Enzymes
 Lecture One/ Week One
These learning outcomes will be combined into one question

broken into 2 or 3 parts
1. Review the different stages of metabolism
(glycolysis/citric acid/etc and oxphos) and
compartmentalise them within the living cell.
2. You have been reading recently in a journal article about

the early dietary pioneers that used no carbohydrate or very
low carbohydrate diets. Using your knowledge of
biochemistry comment on the production of glucose for
neural function at 6hrs and 6 days of essentially negligible
carbohydrate in-take.
3. Construct an “energy audit” for the complete metabolism

of one glucose molecule. During each stage of metabolism
list the ATP harvested from the process.
4. The role of co-enzymes such as NAD, FAD and CoA in

human metabolism.

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Theory Consolidation Session

 Time allowed 2hrs

Q2. Glycolysis is the metabolism of carbohydrates- monosaccharide’s

Q3. Discuss the role of glycolysis within the body:

Q3. Make comment on the statement:

 Learning Outcome Four:

These learning outcomes will be combined into one question

2. You have been reading recently in a journal article about

3. Construct an “energy audit” for the complete metabolism

4. The role of co-enzymes such as NAD, FAD and CoA in

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